Anti-cancer compounds and methods for treating cancer

ABSTRACT

The present invention is directed to novel anti-cancer compounds and methods of treating and/or inhibiting cancer in patients, including metastatic cancer, recurrent cancer and drug resistant cancers, including multiple drug resistant cancers. Compounds according to the present invention provide anti-cancer activity, at least in part, by virtue of their nucleotide intercalating activity through the use of analogs of (−)lomaiviticin A, a potent anticancer agent which exhibits cytotoxicity through its principal mechanism of cleavage and to a lesser extent, its intercalation of cellular polynucleotides, especially DNA. In additional embodiments, compounds according to the present invention are also conjugated and/or linked to other bioactive agents, especially agents which selectively target cancer cells (cancer cell targeting moiety or CCTM) to target and increase the delivery of the anticancer agent to the cancer cell. These targeting agents include folate receptor-targeted moieties, other cancer binding moieties such as PMSA binding moieties as otherwise described herein and antibodies, including single chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv antibodies). Pharmaceutical compositions based upon these novel compounds are also disclosed pursuant to the present invention. Methods of treating, inhibiting and/or reducing the likelihood of cancer, including metastatic and recurrent cancer and drug resistant, including multiple drug resistant cancer in a patient are also disclosed.

RELATED APPLICATIONS AND GRANT SUPPORT

This non-provisional application claims priority from application No.61/910,593, filed Dec. 2, 2013 of identical title, the entire contentsof which are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.

This invention was made with government support under National Instituteof General Medical Sciences grant no. R01GM0900000 awarded by theNational Science Foundation. The government has certain rights in theinvention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to novel anti-cancer compounds andmethods of treating, reducing the likelihood and/or inhibiting cancer inpatients, including metastatic cancer, recurrent cancer and drugresistant cancers, including multiple drug resistant cancers. Compoundsaccording to the present invention provide anti-cancer activity, atleast in part, by virtue of their nucleotide cleavage and intercalatingactivity through the use of analogs of (−) lomaiviticin A, a potentanticancer agent which exhibits cytotoxicity through its mechanism ofcleaving (breakage) and intercalating cellular polynucleotides,especially DNA. In additional embodiments, compounds according to thepresent invention are also conjugated and/or linked to other bioactiveagents, especially agents which selectively target cancer cells (cancercell targeting moiety or CCTM) to target and increase the delivery ofthe anticancer agent to the cancer cell. These targeting agents includefolate receptor-targeted moieties, other cancer binding moieties such asPMSA binding moieties as otherwise described herein and antibodies,including single chain variable fragment antibodies (scFv antibodies).Pharmaceutical compositions based upon these novel compounds are alsodisclosed pursuant to the present invention. Methods of treating,inhibiting and/or reducing the likelihood of cancer, includingmetastatic cancer in a patient are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Lomaiviticin A is a complex metabolite with potent cytotoxic anticanceractivity. The mechanism of this activity is by virtue of Lomaivitacin Acleaving and intercalating polynucleotides (principally, DNA) anddisrupting the cellular processes, especially including cell growth, andselectively producing cancer cell death. Notwithstanding that activity,to date, there has yet to be a therapeutic approach relying onLomaiviticin A as a cleaving/intercalating agent which delivers/targetsthese cytotoxic agents to a cancer cell and produces cancer cell deathwith the level of activity pursuant to the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates, in the first instance, to compounds whichare analogs of (−) lomaiviticin A, which find use as anticancer agentspursuant to the present invention. Compounds according to the presentinvention are based upon a chemical structure which comprises at leastone intercalating moiety (which functions as having one or preferablyboth cleavage and/or intercalating activity) which is an analog oflomaiviticin A (ILM) to which is bonded at least one cancer celltargeting moiety (CCTM) either directly or through a linker moiety Lwhich is cleavable or non-cleavable, depending on the CCTM used in thecompound to bind the compound to a cancer cell. Compounds according tothe present invention comprise from one to eight (ILM) moieties(preferably one (ILM) group) to which is/are covalently attached from 1to 15 (CCTM) groups, preferably from 1 to 8 (CCTM) groups, morepreferably from 1 to 4 (CCTM) groups, each (CCTM) group being optionallycovalently attached to a (ILM) group through a linker molecule (L). Thelinker molecule may be non-cleavable or cleavable, depending upon thefunction of the (CCTM) group to which is attached the (ILM) group.

In a first embodiment, the present invention is directed to compoundsaccording to the chemical structure:

where Y is a bond or CH—R^(S);R₄ and R₅ are each independently OH, C₁-C₃ alkyl, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, aOC(O)—(C₁-C₃) alkyl group, a C(O)O—(C₁-C₃) or L-CCTM (preferably both R₄and R₅ are OH);R₆ and R₇ are each independently H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, OH, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl,halo (F, Cl, Br or I), a OC(O)—(C₁-C₃) alkyl group, a C(O)O—C₁-C₃) orL-CCTM;R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently H, OH, C₁-C₃ alkyl (preferably,ethyl or H and ethyl) or L-CCTM;R^(D) is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, O(C₁-C₃) alkyl, an optionally substituted arylgroup or forms a dimer compound with the compound to which R^(D) isattached (in certain preferred embodiments, R^(D) is H or the compoundto which R^(D) is attached and R^(D) form a dimer);

R^(S) is H, OH, a

group where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and one or more (preferably one) ofthe methylene groups when present are optionally substituted with OH,OCH₃ or CH₃, or R^(S) is a sugar moiety containing a 4-amino group whichis optionally substituted with a L-CCTM group or one or two C₁-C₃ alkylgroups which alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or twoalcohol groups, preferably R^(S) is a sugar moiety according to thechemical structure:

where X is O, S, N—R^(N) or CH₂ (preferably O);R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (preferably H);R¹ and R² are each independently H, a C₁-C₃ alkyl group optionallysubstituted with one or two alcohol groups (preferably methyl) or aL-CCTM group (preferably R1 and R2 are each H or H and CH₃);R₁, R₂ and R₃ are each independently H, OH, a halo group (F, Cl, Br, I),O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, a C₁-C₃ alkyl, a C₂-C₄ acyl group, a OC(O)—(C₁-C₃) alkylgroup, a C(O)O—C₁-C₃) alkyl group or a L-CCTM group;L is a bond or a linker group; andCCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to a cancer cell in apatient,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In certain embodiments, R^(S) is a group according to the chemicalstructure:

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compoundaccording to the chemical structure:

where R¹ and R² are each independently H, a C₁-C₃ alkyl group(preferably methyl) or a L-CCTM group;R₁, R₂ and R₃ are each independently H, OH, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, a C₁-C₃alkyl or a L-CCTM group;R₄ and R₅ are each independently OH, C₁-C₃ alkyl, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl orL-CCTM (preferably both are OH);R₆ and R₇ are each independently H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, OH, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl,halo (F, Cl, Br or I) or L-CCTM;R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently H, C₁-C₃ alkyl (preferably, ethylor H and ethyl) or L-CCTM;R^(D) is H or forms a dimeric compound with the compound to which RD isattached (preferably R^(D) and the compound to which R^(D) is attachedare identical and attached at the same position);L is absent (a bond) or a linker group (preferably, a cleavable linkergroup); andCCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to a cancer cell in apatient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisiomer, solvateor polymorph thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to compoundsaccording to the chemical structure:

Where R¹ and R² are each independently H, CH₃ or L-CCTM (preferably,both are CH₃);R₁ is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl or L-CCTM, (preferably CH₃);R₂ is H, OH or L-CCTM, (preferably OH);R₃ is H, CH₃, or L-CCTM, (preferably H);R₆ and R₇ are each independently H or L-CCTM;R^(A) and R^(B) are each independently H, ethyl, or L-CCTM; andR^(D) is H or forms a dimeric compound with the compound to which RD isattached (preferably R^(D) and the compound to which R^(D) is attachedare identical and attached at the same position);L is absent (a bond) or a linker group, which may be a cleavable linkergroup or a non-cleavable linker group depending on the CCTM group; andCCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to a cancer cell in apatient, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In further embodiments according to the present invention, compoundsaccording to the present invention are represented by the followingstructures:

Where each R_(C) is independently OH or a L-CCTM group as describedabove. Preferably at least one R_(C) group is a L-CCTM group.

In an alternative embodiment, preferred dimer compounds pursuant to thepresent invention include the following:

where each R_(C) is independently OH or a L-CCTM group as describedabove. Preferably at least one R_(C) group is a L-CCTM group.

In still other embodiments pursuant to the present invention, preferreddimer compounds incorporate a sugar group according to the followingchemical structures:

Where each R_(C) is independently OH or a L-CCTM group as describedabove. Preferably at least one R_(C) group is a L-CCTM group.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention relates to compoundsaccording to the chemical structure:

Where R is H or CH₃ with the proviso that at least one R is CH₃(preferably, all R are CH₃); andLinker is a linker group as otherwise herein optionally substituted witha CCTM group.

In yet another embodiment pursuant to the present invention, compoundsmay be represented by the chemical structure:

where R^(L) is H or a L-CCTM group as described herein,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate orpolymorph thereof.

In certain embodiments, the linker group is a non-cleavable linker groupas otherwise described herein (in some instances a polyethylene glycolgroup or between 2 and 12 ethylene glycol units, often 4 to 8 ethyleneglycol unts) or a cleavable linker group, more preferably a peptidelinker group or a group which contains a cleavable disulfide group asotherwise described herein. In the case of the CCTM group, this group ispreferably selected from the group consisting of a folate receptorbinding moiety, a monoclonal antibody (especially a humanized monoclonalantibody) such as herceptin or an antibody fragment (FAB), including asingle chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody which binds to cancercells, a PSMA binding moiety or a YSA peptide (YSAYPDSVPMMS (SEQ ID NO:1)) as otherwise described in greater detail herein. When the CCTM groupis a folate receptor binding moiety, the linker group L is preferablynon-cleavable. In instances where the CTM group is an antibody orantibody-related moiety as described above, the linker group L ispreferably a cleavable group.

The present invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositionscomprising an anticancer effective amount of a compound according to thepresent invention as described herein, in combination with apharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive and/or excipient,optionally in combination with an additional anticancer agent asotherwise described herein.

In a further aspect of the invention, compounds according to the presentinvention are used to treat and/or reduce the likelihood of cancer in apatient in need thereof and to treat or reduce the likelihood that acancer will metastasize or that a cancer in remission will reoccur(recurrence). The method of treating cancer comprises administering to apatient in need an effective amount of a compound as otherwise describedherein in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier,additive or excipient, optionally in further combination with at leastone additional agent which is effective in treating cancer, metastaticcancer, recurrent cancer or one or more of its secondary conditions oreffects.

The present invention also relates to a method for inhibiting cancer toreduce or inhibit the spread or metastasis of the cancer into othertissues of the patients' body, especially including bones, the lymph(lymph nodes) system, bladder, vas deferens, kidneys, liver, lungs andbrain, among others. Methods for treating recurrent cancer and/orreducing the likelihood of a cancer recurring after remission areadditional method embodiments according to the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention also relates to the use ofthe compounds as otherwise described herein for the treatment of cancerswherein DNA repair factors of the cells are deficient/unexpressed by thecells (DNA damage response deficient or DDR deficient cells) or wherethe cells are hypoxic. In this aspect of the invention, cells which aredeficient in one or both of non-homologous enjoining and homologousrecombination DNA repair mechanisms (either because of mutation or downregulation) are found to be more susceptible to compounds according tothe present invention, especially including (−) lomaiviticin A andMK7-206. These DNA repair mechanisms involve DNA repair factorsincluding one or more of KU80, pten, BRAC2, DNApk, ATM, PALB2 and RAD51paralogs, among a number of others. In this aspect of the presentinvention, a cancer in a patient or subject to be treated is determined(diagnosed) to be deficient in a DNA repair mechanism (by biopsy,genetic testing evidencing a mutation in the gene, or assaying forbiomarkers and showing down regulation of same, etc) as identified byknown DNA repair factors, including one or more of the above-mentionedDNA repair factors, among others (DDR deficient) and/or the cancer to betreated is determined or identified to be hypoxic and the patient orsubject in need is administered at least one compound according to thepresent invention, optionally in combination with at least oneadditional anticancer agent. This treatment may optionally occur in thepresence of radiation therapy (often where the cancer is not hypoxic).Preferred compounds for use in this aspect of the present inventioninclude (−)-lomaivitacin A and MK-207 (FIG. 15), although numerous othercompounds according to the present invention may be used in this aspectof the invention, optionally in combination with at least one additionalanticancer agent. Although any cancer as otherwise described herein maybe treated in this aspect of the present invention, it is noted thatovarian cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer, head, neck, pancreaticcancer, prostate cancer, melanoma, brain cancer/central nervous systemcancers (glioma) often express reduced levels of these DNA repairfactors, thus rendering them more susceptible to treatment with any oneor more compounds according to the present invention, especiallyincluding (−)-lomaivitacin A and MK-207. In addition, any cancer cell asotherwise described herein may be hypoxic or rendered hypoxic and thesehypoxic cells are particularly susceptible to therapy using one or moreof the compounds according to the present invention.

In still another embodiment, the present invention relates to a methodof treating cancer in a patient or subject comprising administering thepatient or subject an inhibitor of any one or more of a DNA repairfactor such as KU80, pten, BRAC2, DNApk, ATM, PALB2 and/or RAD51paralogs in combination with at least one compound according to thepresent invention. In this aspect of the present invention a cancerwhich expresses one or more DNA repair factors such as KU80, pten,BRAC2, DNApk, ATM, PALB2 and/or RAD51 paralogs can be administered aninhibitor of one or more of these DNA repair factors, often a siRNA(small inhibitory RNA) which results in the DNA repair factor beingunderexpressed in the cancer cell, thus rendering the cell far moresusceptible to inhibition/treatment with a compound according to thepresent invention, especially including (−)-lomaivitacin A and/orMK-207, among numerous other anticancer compounds as disclosed herein.One or more of these compounds may be administered alone or incombination with a traditional anticancer agent, preferably a compoundwhich has a DNA damaging mechanism other than through DNAcleavage/intercalation to provide effective anticancer treatment.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1-14 show the chemical synthetic schemes of a number of compoundsand/or precursors of compounds according to the present invention.

FIG. 15 shows the chemical structure of (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) andcompound MK7-206 which are used in certain preferred aspects of thepresent invention to inhibit and/or treat cancers which are deficient(exhibit low levels of expression or undetectable levels of expression)of one or more of KU80, pten, BRAC2 and DNApk.

FIGS. 16-24 shows the effects of (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) on variouscancer cell lines which exhibit reduced expression of a number of DNArepair factors as indicated in each figure.

FIG. 25 shows the effect of (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) on hypoxic MCF7 andA549 cells. The hypoxic cells are more sensitive to LA than are thenormal (normoxia) cells.

FIG. 26 shows the effect of LA treatment in MCF7 cells on pATM and pCHK2(increase) and pATR and pCHK1 (no increase) in a western blot analysis.

FIGS. 27-30 show several tables (Table 1-4) which tabulates the effectof (−)-lomaiviticin A or MK7-206 on the various cell lines tested. FIG.27 (Table 1) shows the effect of (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) on various celllines with DNA damage repair deficiencies as indicated in the table.LC50 and LC90 values (pM) are given for each cell line. FIG. 28 (Table2) shows the effect of MK7-206 on various cell lines with DNA damagerepair deficiencies as indicated in the table. LC50 and LC90 values (nM)are given for the cell lines tested. FIG. 29 (Table 3) shows the effectof (−)-lomaiviticin A on various cell lines with DNA damage repairdeficiencies as indicated in the table as a function of percent survivalat 4 and 10 pM of LA. FIG. 30 (Table 4) shows the effect of MK7-206 onvarious cell lines with DNA damage repair deficiencies as indicated inthe table as a function of percent survival at 20 and 60 nM of MK7-206.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following terms are used to describe the present invention. Ininstances where a term is not specifically defined herein, that term isgiven an art-recognized meaning by those of ordinary skill applying thatterm in context to its use in describing the present invention.

The term “compound”, as used herein, unless otherwise indicated, refersto any specific chemical compound disclosed herein and includestautomers, regioisomers, geometric isomers, and where applicable,optical isomers (enantiomers) thereof, as well as pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts and derivatives (including prodrug forms) thereof.Within its use in context, the term compound generally refers to asingle compound, but also may include other compounds such asstereoisomers, regioisomers and/or optical isomers (including racemicmixtures) as well as specific enantiomers or enantiomerically enrichedmixtures of disclosed compounds (at least about 70% enantiomericallyenriched, preferably greater than 90% enantomerically enriched and incertain preferred embodiments, substantially pure or pure enantiomerswhere the compound is more than 98-99% or more enantiomericallyenriched). The term also refers, in context, to prodrug forms ofcompounds which have been modified to facilitate the administration anddelivery of compounds to a site of activity. It is noted that indescribing the present compounds, numerous substituents, linkers andconnector molecules and variables associated with same, among others,are described. It is understood by those of ordinary skill thatmolecules which are described herein are stable compounds as generallydescribed hereunder and variables are chosen (oftent in combination)which promote the stability of the compound described.

The term “patient” or “subject” is used throughout the specificationwithin context to describe an animal, generally a mammal and preferablya human, to whom treatment, including prophylactic treatment(prophylaxis), with the compositions according to the present inventionis provided. For treatment of those infections, conditions or diseasestates which are specific for a specific animal such as a human patientor a patient of a particular gender, such as a human male or femalepatient, the term patient refers to that specific animal or that gender.Compounds according to the present invention are useful for thetreatment, inhibition or prophylaxis (“reducing the likelihood”) ofcancer, including metastatic and recurrent cancer.

The term “effective” is used herein, unless otherwise indicated, todescribe an amount of a compound or composition (most often a chimericcompound which include dimeric or polymeric cleavage/intercalatingagents which are covalently linked to a cancer cell targeting moiety)which, in context, is used to produce or effect an intended result,whether that result relates to the inhibition of cancer, includingmetastatic cancer or the treatment of a subject for secondaryconditions, disease states or manifestations of cancer as otherwisedescribed herein. This term subsumes all other effective amount oreffective concentration terms (including the term “therapeuticallyeffective”) which are otherwise described in the present application.

The terms “treat”, “treating”, and “treatment”, etc., as used herein,refer to any action providing a benefit to a patient at risk for cancer,including the metastasis or recurrence of cancer, including improvementin the condition through lessening or suppression of at least onesymptom, inhibition of cancer growth, reduction in cancer cells ortissue, prevention or delay in progression of metastasis of the cancer,prevention or delay in the onset of disease states or conditions whichoccur secondary to cancer or remission or cure of the cancer, amongothers. Treatment, as used herein, encompasses both prophylactic andtherapeutic treatment. The term “prophylactic” when used, means toreduce the likelihood of an occurrence or the severity of an occurrencewithin the context of the treatment of cancer, including cancermetastasis as otherwise described hereinabove.

The term “tumor” is used to describe a malignant or benign growth ortumefacent.

The term “neoplasia” refers to the uncontrolled and progressivemultiplication of tumor cells, under conditions that would not elicit,or would cause cessation of, multiplication of normal cells. Neoplasiaresults in a “neoplasm”, which is defined herein to mean any new andabnormal growth, particularly a new growth of tissue, in which thegrowth of cells is uncontrolled and progressive. Thus, neoplasiaincludes “cancer”, which herein refers to a proliferation of tumor cellshaving the unique trait of loss of normal controls, resulting inunregulated growth, lack of differentiation, local tissue invasion,and/or metastasis. The cancer may be “naïve”, metastatic or recurrentand includes drug resistant and multiple drug resistant cancers, all ofwhich may be treated using compounds according to the present invention.

As used herein, neoplasms include, without limitation, morphologicalirregularities in cells in tissue of a subject or host, as well aspathologic proliferation of cells in tissue of a subject, as comparedwith normal proliferation in the same type of tissue. Additionally,neoplasms include benign tumors and malignant tumors (e.g., colontumors) that are either invasive or noninvasive. Malignant neoplasms aredistinguished from benign neoplasms in that the former show a greaterdegree of anaplasia, or loss of differentiation and orientation ofcells, and have the properties of invasion and metastasis. Examples ofneoplasms or neoplasias from which the target cell of the presentinvention may be derived include, without limitation, carcinomas (e.g.,squamous-cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas,and renal cell carcinomas), particularly those of the bladder, bowel,breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, head, kidney, liver, lung, neck,ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach; leukemias; benign and malignantlymphomas, particularly Burkitt's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma;benign and malignant melanomas; myeloproliferative diseases; sarcomas,particularly Ewing's sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma,liposarcoma, myosarcomas, peripheral neuroepithelioma, and synovialsarcoma; tumors of the central nervous system (e.g., gliomas,astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, gliobastomas,neuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas, gangliogliomas, medulloblastomas,pineal cell tumors, meningiomas, meningeal sarcomas, neurofibromas, andSchwannomas); germ-line tumors (e.g., bowel cancer, breast cancer,prostate cancer, cervical cancer, uterine/endometrial cancer, lungcancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, astrocytoma,esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer,colon cancer, and melanoma); mixed types of neoplasias, particularlycarcinosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease; and tumors of mixed origin, suchas Wilms' tumor and teratocarcinomas, which may be treated by one ormore compounds according to the present invention. See, (Beers andBerkow (eds.), The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 17.sup.th ed.(Whitehouse Station, N.J.: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999) 973-74,976, 986, 988, 991.

The term “DNA repair factor” refers to cellular mechanisms of DNA repairwhich make therapy against cancer especially when a DNA damaging agent(such as those of the present invention) is utilized. In certaincancers, the DNA repair factors are upregulated and in others the DNArepair factors are downregulated, thus making cancer therapy with a DNAdamaging agent such as a cleavage and/or intercalating agentparticularly effective. These susceptible deficient cancer cells arereferred to in the art as DNA repair response deficient (DDR-deficient)cells. Thus, DDR-deficient cancers in which at least one DNA repairfactor, including KU80, pten, BRCA2, DNApk, ATM, PALB2 and/or RAD51paralogs are down regulated, make excellent targets of therapy usingcompounds according to the present invention. In addition, the presentcompounds exhibit excellent inhibition/cytotoxicity against hypoxiccancer cells, making anti-tumor therapy effective using compoundsaccording to the present invention. Compounds according to the presentinvention may be combined with one or more of the various traditionalanticancer agents which are otherwise disclosed herein and mayoptionally combine radiation therapy to produce an intended effect ofinhibiting or treating the cancer (except in the case of hypoxic cells,which tend to be resistant to radiation therapy). In addition, cancertherapy may also include an inhibitor of one or more of the DNA repairfactors (KU80, pten, BRCA2, DNApk, ATM, PALB2 and/or RAD51) such assiRNA which inhibits expression of the DNA factor, thus providingparticularly effective targets of compounds according to the presentinvention.

Because of the activity of the present compounds and their ability totarget various cancer cells along with a general mechanism ofantiproliferation based upon a polynucleotide cleavage (breakage) and/orintercalation mechanism, the present invention has general applicabilitytreating virtually any cancer in any tissue, thus the compounds,compositions and methods of the present invention are generallyapplicable to the treatment of cancer. Given that the various targets ofthe present compounds are found on cancer cells, including theneovasculature of most cancer cells (especially with respect to PSMAbinding moieties), the compounds in the present invention may also serveas an antiangiogenic therapy for other cancer types in addition to theantiproliferative activity of the compounds in general.

In certain particular aspects of the present invention, the cancer whichis treated is metastatic cancer. Metastatic cancer may be found invirtually all tissues of a cancer patient in late stages of the disease,including the lymph system/nodes (lymphoma), in bones, in bladdertissue, in kidney tissue, liver tissue and in virtually any tissue,including brain (brain cancer/tumor). Thus, the present invention isgenerally applicable and may be used to treat any cancer in any tissue,regardless of etiology. In other instances, the cancer which is treated,including prophylactically treated, is a recurrent cancer, which oftenrecurs after an initial remission. The present compounds also may beused to reduce the likelihood of a cancer recurring and for treating acancer which has recurred.

The term “intercalating moiety which is an analog of lomaiviticin A”,(ILM) or “intercalating moiety” (IM) is used to described that portionof a chimeric compound (which compound includes at least oneintercalating moiety (IM) to which is bound at least one cancer celltargeting moiety (CCTM) most often through a linker molecule (L), whichis usually a cleavable linker) which causes damage to a polynucleotide(especially DNA) through a cleavage (causing polynucleotide breaks)and/or an intercalation mechanism resulting in polynucleotide damage andcell death. Intercalating moieties for inclusion in chimeric compoundsaccording to the present invention are those compounds which are boundto L-CCTM groups as otherwise described herein. These intercalatingmoieties may be monomeric or dimeric as set forth herein.

The term “cancer cell targeting moiety”, “CCTM” or “cell targetingmoiety” is used to describe that portion of a chimeric compoundaccording to the present invention which comprises at least one moietywhich is capable of selectively binding to a cancer cell. CCTM groupsfor including in chimeric compounds according to the present inventioninclude small molecules which bind to folate receptors (folate receptorbinding moiety), antibody-type CCTMs such as monoclonal antibodies(especially a humanized monoclonal antibody) such as herceptin orantibody fragments (FAB), including single chain variable fragment(scFv) antibodies which bind to cancer cells, a PSMA binding moiety or aYSA peptide (which binds to Ephrin A2 (EphA2), as otherwise describedherein.

The term “folate receptor binding moiety” (FRBM) or (FM) is used todescribe a folate moiety which binds to cancer cells selectively and isused in the present invention to target folate receptors on cancer cellswhich are often overexpressed or hyperexpressed on cancer cells comparedto normal cells. The folate receptor, given its selective heightenedexpression on cancer cells compared to normal cells represents anexcellent selective target to bind compounds according to the presentinvention to cancer cells for uptake into cells where the intercalatingmoiety may exhibit its antiproliferative activity, resulting in cancercell death. Folate receptor I is often overexpressed in numerousnumerous cancer cells including ovarian, breast, uterine, cervical,renal, lung, colorectal and brain cancer cells, thus making it animportant targeting site for compounds according to the presentinvention.

Folate receptor binding moieties for use in the present inventioninclude the following chemical structures:

where X_(F) is C(O), S(O), S(O)₂, CR_(F)R_(F), O, S or N—R_(F),where R_(F) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl (preferably H).

The term “prostate specific membrane antigen” or “PSMA” according to thechemical structure is directed to a cancer cell targeting moiety thatbinds to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) which is frequentlyoverexpressed or hyperexpressed in cancer cells. PSMA, although found onprostate cancer cells, including metastatic prostate cancer cells, arealso found on virtually all other cancer cells and may be used toselectively target compounds according to the present invention tocancer cells. A number of metastatic and recurrent cancers alsohyperexpress PSMA compared to naïve cancers and PSMA may represent aparticularly useful binding site for metastatic and/or recurrentcancers.

PSMA binding moieties include moieties according to the chemicalstructure:

Where X₁ and X₂ are each independently CH₂, O, NH or S;X₃ is O, CH₂, NR¹, S(O), S(O)₂, —S(O)₂O, —OS(O)₂, or OS(O)₂O;R¹ is H, a C₁-C₃ alkyl group, or a —C(O)(C₁-C₃) group;k is an integer from 0 to 20, 8 to 12, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6,1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;or a salt or enantiomer thereof.

A preferred PSMA binding group (CCTM) for use in the present inventionis the group

Where k is 2, 3 or 4, preferably 3. This CCTM group, as well as theothers, optionally has an amine group or other functional group at thedistill end of the alkylene group (k) such that k is formed from, forexample, a lysine amino acid, such that the amine group or otherfunctional group may participate in further reactions to form a linker,a connector group [CON], a multifunctional group [MULTICON] or may belinked directly to an (ILM) as otherwise described herein.

The term “antibody”, also referred to an immunoglobulin (Ig), is aprotein, which is Y-shaped and produced by B-cells that the immunesystem uses to identify and neutralize foreign objects in the body, suchas pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and cancer cells, which theimmune system recognizes as objects to the immune system. As usedherein, antibody includes, but is not limited to, monoclonal antibodies.The following disclosure from U.S. Patent Application Document No.20100284921, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference, exemplifies techniques that are useful in making antibodieswhich may be modified and employed in chimeric compounds of the instantinvention.

Pursuant to its use in the present invention, the antibody is preferablya chimeric antibody. For human use, the antibody is preferably ahumanized chimeric antibody. [A]n anti-target-structure antibody . . .may be monovalent, divalent or polyvalent in order to achieve targetstructure binding. Monovalent immunoglobulins are dimers (HL) formed ofa hybrid heavy chain associated through disulfide bridges with a hybridlight chain. Divalent immunoglobulins are tetramers (H2L2) formed of twodimers associated through at least one disulfide bridge.

As discussed above, the term antibody for use in the present inventionincludes compounds which exhibit binding characteristics comparable tothose of the antibodies, and include, for example, hybridized and singlechain antibodies, as well as fragments thereof. Methods of producingsuch compounds are disclosed in PCT Application Nos. WO 1993/21319 andWO 1989/09622. These compounds include polypeptides with amino acidsequences substantially the same as the amino acid sequence of thevariable or hypervariable regions of the antibodies raised againsttargets on cancer cells pursuant to the practice of the presentinvention. These may be readily modified to link these CCTMs to the(ILM), thus forming chimeric compounds hereunder.

Compounds according to the present invention which serve to bind totarget cancer cells include fragments of antibodies (FAB) that have thesame, or substantially the same, binding characteristics to those of thewhole antibody. Such fragments may contain one or both Fab fragments orthe F(ab′)₂ fragment. Preferably the antibody fragments contain all sixcomplement determining regions of the whole antibody, although fragmentscontaining fewer than all of such regions, such as three, four or fivecomplement determining regions, are also functional. The functionalequivalents are members of the IgG immunoglobulin class and subclassesthereof, but may be or may combine any one of the followingimmunoglobulin classes: IgM, IgA, IgD, or IgE, and subclasses thereof.Heavy chains of various subclasses, such as the IgG subclasses, areresponsible for different effector functions and thus, by choosing thedesired heavy chain constant region, hybrid antibodies with desiredeffector function are produced. Preferred constant regions are gamma 1(IgG1), gamma 2 (IgG2 and IgG), gamma 3 (IgG3) and gamma 4 (IgG4). Thelight chain constant region can be of the kappa or lambda type.

In another approach, the monoclonal antibodies may be advantageouslycleaved by proteolytic enzymes to generate fragments retaining thetarget structure binding site. For example, proteolytic treatment of IgGantibodies with papain at neutral pH generates two identical so-called“Fab” fragments, each containing one intact light chain disulfide-bondedto a fragment of the heavy chain (Fc). Each Fab fragment contains oneantigen-combining site. The remaining portion of the IgG molecule is adimer known as “Fc”. Similarly, pepsin cleavage at pH 4 results in theso-called F(ab′)2 fragment.

Single chain antibodies or Fv fragments are polypeptides that consist ofthe variable region of the heavy chain of the antibody linked to thevariable region of the light chain, with or without an interconnectinglinker. Thus, the Fv comprises an antibody combining site. Hybridantibodies also may be employed as CMTs in the chimeric compoundsaccording to the present invention. Hybrid antibodies have constantregions derived substantially or exclusively from human antibodyconstant regions and variable regions derived substantially orexclusively from the sequence of the variable region of a monoclonalantibody from each stable hybridoma.

Methods for preparation of fragments of antibodies (e.g. for preparingan antibody or an antigen binding fragment thereof having specificbinding affinity for a cancer cell target are readily known to thoseskilled in the art. See, for example, Goding, “Monoclonal AntibodiesPrinciples and Practice”, Academic Press (1983), p. 119-123. Fragmentsof the monoclonal antibodies containing the antigen binding site, suchas Fab and F(ab′)2 fragments, may be preferred in therapeuticapplications, owing to their reduced immunogenicity. Such fragments areless immunogenic than the intact antibody, which contains theimmunogenic Fc portion. Hence, as used herein, the term “antibody”includes intact antibody molecules and fragments thereof that retainantigen binding ability.

When the antibody used in the methods used in the practice of theinvention is a monoclonal antibody, the antibody is generated using anyknown monoclonal antibody preparation procedures such as thosedescribed, for example, in Harlow et al. (supra) and in Tuszynski et al.(Blood 1988, 72:109-115). Generally, monoclonal antibodies directedagainst a desired antigen are generated from mice immunized with theantigen using standard procedures as referenced herein. Monoclonalantibodies directed against full length or fragments of target structuremay be prepared using the techniques described in Harlow et al. (supra).

Chimeric animal-human monoclonal antibodies may be prepared byconventional recombinant DNA and gene transfection techniques well knownin the art. The variable region genes of a mouse antibody-producingmyeloma cell line of known antigen-binding specificity are joined withhuman immunoglobulin constant region genes. When such gene constructsare transfected into mouse myeloma cells, the antibodies produced arelargely human but contain antigen-binding specificities generated inmice. As demonstrated by Morrison et al., 1984, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 81:6851-6855, both chimeric heavy chain V region exon (VH)-humanheavy chain C region genes and chimeric mouse light chain V region exon(VK)-human K light chain gene constructs may be expressed whentransfected into mouse myeloma cell lines. When both chimeric heavy andlight chain genes are transfected into the same myeloma cell, an intactH2L2 chimeric antibody is produced. The methodology for producing suchchimeric antibodies by combining genomic clones of V and C region genesis described in the above-mentioned paper of Morrison et al., and byBoulianne et al. (Nature 1984, 312:642-646). Also see Tan et al. (J.Immunol. 1985, 135:3564-3567) for a description of high level expressionfrom a human heavy chain promotor of a human-mouse chimeric K chainafter transfection of mouse myeloma cells. As an alternative tocombining genomic DNA, cDNA clones of the relevant V and C regions maybe combined for production of chimeric antibodies, as described byWhitte et al. (Protein Eng. 1987, 1:499-505) and Liu et al. (Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 1987, 84:3439-3443). For examples of the preparation ofchimeric antibodies, see the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,292,867;5,091,313; 5,204,244; 5,202,238; and 5,169,939. The entire disclosuresof these patents, and the publications mentioned in the precedingparagraph, are incorporated herein by reference. Any of theserecombinant techniques are available for production of rodent/humanchimeric monoclonal antibodies against target structures.

When antibodies other than human antibodies are modified forincorporation into chimeric compounds pursuant to the present invention,it may be necessary to reduce the immunogenicity of the murine antibody.To further reduce the immunogenicity of murine antibodies, “humanized”antibodies have been constructed in which only the minimum necessaryparts of the mouse antibody, the complementarity-determining regions(CDRs), are combined with human V region frameworks and human C regions(Jones et al., 1986, Nature 321:522-525; Verhoeyen et al., 1988, Science239:1534-1536; Hale et al., 1988, Lancet 2:1394-1399; Queen et al.,1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033). The entire disclosuresof the aforementioned papers are incorporated herein by reference. Thistechnique results in the reduction of the xenogeneic elements in thehumanized antibody to a minimum. Rodent antigen binding sites are builtdirectly into human antibodies by transplanting only the antigen bindingsite, rather than the entire variable domain, from a rodent antibody.This technique is available for production of chimeric rodent/humananti-target structure antibodies of reduced human immunogenicity.”

The term antibody fragment or “FAB” is used to describe a fragment of anantibody which substantially maintains the same binding characteristicsof the whole antibody, but eliminates other chemical features of theantibody which may complicate administration and produce untowardimmunogenic responses in a patient.

The term “single-chain antibody variable fragment”) or “scFv” is used todescribe an artificial construct that links the sequences encoding theV_(H) and V_(L) domains of an antibody into a single polypeptide chainand lacks the rest of the antibody molecule. Because the antigen-bindingsite of an antibody is formed in a cavity at the interface between V_(H)and V_(L) domains, the scFv preserves the antigen binding activity ofthe intact antibody molecule. Normally the V_(H) and V_(L) domains areparts of different polypeptide chains (the heavy and light chains,respectively), but in the scFv they are joined into a single polypeptidethat can be fused genetically to other proteins, for example, proteinson cancer cells to be targeted. These scFvs may form the basis ofeffective CCTMs on chimeric compounds according to the presentinvention.

The term “linker” (designated as “L” or “(L) in compounds according tothe present invention) is used to describe a chemical moiety which, whenpresent in chimeric molecules according to the present invention,covalently binds a (ILM) group to a (CCTM) group. The linker group maybe cleavable or noncleavable depending on the function of the CCTMgroup. In general, antibody or antibody related (CCTM) groups describedabove are generally, but not exclusively linked to a (ILM) group througha cleavable linker group. Other CCTMs often are linked to (ILM) groupsthrough a non-cleavable linker group.

Typical cleavable linker groups (L), which may be represented as(L_(C)), for use in the present invention are represented by anychemical structure which is compatible with the chemistry of thechimeric compounds and their administration to a patient and readilycleave in or on a cell in which the chimeric molecule is introduced. Ingeneral, the cleavable linker for use in compounds according to thepresent invention is at least one chemical moiety, more often at leasttwo chemical moieties in length to upwards of 100 or more moieties inlength. These linkers are presented in detail hereinbelow. Often, one ormore cleavable linker groups may be linked to one or more non-cleavable(non-labile) linker groups either directly or through a connector group(CON) or multiconnector group (MULTICON) as otherwise described herein.These form a complex linker.

Cleavable or labile linkers (L_(C)) allow the [ILM] moiety to be cleavedfrom the (CCTM) in compounds according to the present invention order toprovide a maximal effect in the cell, by allowing the ILM to be cleavedfrom the CCTM after the compound targets the cancer cell, facilitatingentry of the ILM into the cell which causes cleavage/breakage and/orintercalation of the cell's DNA, causing cytotoxicity and cell death.These labile linkers include hydrolytically labile (acid labile)linkers, reductively labile linkers (principally disulfide linkers whichare reductively cleaved by intracellular glutathione or other disulfidereducing agent) and enzymatically labile linkers (protease substrates).

In certain embodiments according to the present invention, the cleavablelinker L_(C) is a disulfide wherein one of the sulfurs in the disulfidegroup is provided by a cysteinyl residue alone or as an oligopeptideranging from about 1 to about 10 amino acid units in length, often 1, 2or 3 amino acid units in length. In certain embodiments the oligopeptideis represented by a glutamyl cysteinyl dipeptide (with the amide formedbetween the sidechain carboxylic acid of the glutamic acid and the amineof the cysteinyl residue), a glycinyl cysteinyl dipeptide, an alaninylcysteinyl dipeptide or a lysinyl cystinyl dipeptide. The dipeptide maybe linked (mated) with another dipeptide of similar or differentstructure each having a cysteinyl residue linked to the cysteinylresidue of the other dipeptide, or the dipeptide may be linked with amercaptide such as an alkyl mercaptide (which is further substitutedwith a group which can further link the cleavable linker to anothergroup, such as a non-cleavable (non-labile) linker an (ILM) group or a(CCTM) group or a connector group, etc.

In other embodiments the cleavable linker group (L_(C)) is anoligopeptide (containing a disulfide group as described above) or otherlinker which contains an ester group which may readily cleaved. Forexample, a linker may consistent of a dipeptide such as a glutamylcysteinyl group which provides a disulfide link to a linker (such as aalkylene group or polyethylene glycol group) which can form a connectormolecule (such as a difunctional triazole CON group or a MULTICON group)as otherwise described herein, or alternatively bind directly to an ILMgroup or a CCTM group.

Cleavable or labile linkers (L_(C)) may comprise a group represented bythe chemical structures:

where R is an ethylene glycol group, a methylene group or an amino acid,preferably an ethylene glycol group or an animo acid and n in thislabile linker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and wherepoints of attachment (as indicated) are to other portions of thecleavable or labile linker (L_(C)), a difunctional connector moiety(CON), a non-cleavable (non-labile) linker (L_(N)), or a multifunctionalconnector molecule [MULTICON], through which an [ILM] functional groupand a [CCTM] functional group are linked as otherwise described herein;

X is O, N—R^(AL) or S;

R^(AL) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (often H or Me, most often H);

Y is O or S and

Z=Me, Et, iPr, tBu, Ph, each of which may be optionally substituted withone or more halogen groups (especially from three up to five Fs,preferably no more than three Fs) and where said Ph group may be furtheroptionally substituted with a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (which itself may besubstituted with up to three halogens, preferably F) or OMe.

Exemplary reductively cleaved moieties (by glutathione, other reductivespecies within the cell) include moieties according to the chemicalformula:

Where R is independently an ethylene glycol group, a methylene group oran amino acid where at least one amino acid (that which provides one ofthe sulfurs in the disulfide group) is a cysteinyl group (often, (R)n isa glutamyl cysteinyl or lysinyl cysteinyl dipeptide) and n in thislabile linker is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1, 2 or 3 and wherepoints of attachment (as indicated) are to other portions of the labilelinker [LL], a difunctional connector molecule or group (CON), anon-labile linker (NLL) or a multifunctional connector group molecule[MULTICON] as otherwise described herein.

Exemplary enzymatically cleaved labile linkers include those accordingto the chemical structure:

Where the protease (cathepsin) substrate is a a peptide containing from2 to 50 amino acid units or more, often 2 to 25 amino acid units, 2 to15 amino acid units, 2 to 10 amino acid units, 2 to 6 amino acids, 2 to4 amino acids, 2, 3 or 4. Often, the protease substrate, above contains,comprises, consists essentially of or consists of the following peptidesthe point of attachment being at the distal ends of the peptide:

-   -   -Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-;    -   -Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu;    -   -Phe-Arg-;    -   -Phe-Lys-;    -   -Val-Cit- (valine-citrillune)    -   -Val-Lys-    -   -Val-Ala- and        where R (above) is an ethylene glycol group, or a methylene        group and n is from 0 to 10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and        where points of attachment (as indicated) are joined to other        portions of the labile linker, a difunctional connector group or        molecule (CON), a non-labile linker (NLL), a virus invasion cell        binding moiety (VICB) or a cytotoxic moiety (CYT) as otherwise        described herein

Other enzyme labile linkers are the beta-glucosidase labile linkersaccording to the chemical structure:

Where the points of attachment are joined to other portions of thelabile linker, a difunctional connector moiety (CON), a non-labilelinker (NLL) or a multifunctional connector group or molecule [MULTICON]as otherwise described herein.

In each of the above labile linkers, at the point of attachment in eachgroup, the labile linker may be further linked to a non-labile linker asotherwise described herein, preferably a (poly)ethylene glycol group offrom 1 to 12 glycol units (often 2 to 8 glycol units or 4 to 6 units) oran alkylene chain from 1 to 20 methylene units, often 1 to 10 methyleneunits, often 1 to 8 methylene units, more often 1 to 6 methylene unit,often 2 to 4 methylene units.

Preferred non-labile linkers include, for example, (poly)ethylene glycollinkers ranging in length from 2 to about 100 ethylene glycol units,preferably about 2 to 10 ethylene glycol units, about 2 to about 25,about 2 to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 4 to about 10 units. Inother preferred embodiments, the non-cleavable linker (L_(N)) is apolyethylene-co-polypropylene (PEG/PPG block copolymer) linker rangingfrom 2 to about 100, about 2 to about 25, about 2 to about 15, about 2to about 14, about 2 to about 10, about 4 to about 10, combined ethyleneglycol and propylene glycol units.

(Poly)alkylene chains as otherwise described herein are also preferredL_(N) for use in the present invention. When present, these have 1 toabout 100 units, often about 2 to 10 units, about 2 to about 25, about 2to about 15, about 2 to about 14, about 4 to about 10 units. L_(N) foruse in the present invention may also contain one or more connector CONmoieties as otherwise described herein which chemically connect separate(two or more) L_(N) portions, the entire portion being labeled L_(N). Inaddition, a non-cleavable linker L_(N) may be linked through at leastone connector moiety CON (as described in greater detail herein) to acleavable linker L_(C) in order to provide a linker moiety.

In certain preferred embodiments, the non-cleavable linker (L_(N)) isrepresented by the following exemplary structures (note that the L_(N)may contain one ore more CON moieties as discussed above):

among numerous others, as described herein. where n and n′ are eachindependently 0 to 100, preferably 1 to 100, more preferably about 2 toabout 20, about 2 to about 10, about 4 to about 10, about 4 to about 8.

The linker group L_(N) may also be a linker according to the chemicalformula:

where R_(a) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl, preferably CH₃, most often H;m is an integer from 1 to 12, often 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;m″ is an integer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, often 6;t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; andiL is 0 or 1, often 1; ora linker according to the structure:

Where q is an integer from 0-12, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;q′ is 1 to 12, often 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 andiL is 0 or 1, preferably 1.

The two above linkers may be linked together to provide further linkerswhich are often used in compounds according to the present invention:

Where q is an integer from 0-12, preferably 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;q′ is 1 to 12, often 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;iL is 0 or 1; andR_(L) is an amino acid or an oligopeptide (which term includes adipeptide) as otherwise described herein, especially including lysine,dilysine, or glycinelysine.

Another linker according to the present invention includes a linkerbased upon succinimide according to the chemical formula:

where each X^(S) is independently a bond, S, O or N—R^(S), preferably S;R^(S) is H or C₁₋₃ alkyl, preferably H;S_(c) is CH₂; CH₂O; or CH₂CH₂O;i is 0 or 1; andm^(S) is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 (preferably 1-5).

In certain additional embodiments, the linker group L_(N) is an aminoacid, a dipeptide or an oligopeptide containing from 1 to 12, preferably1 to 6 amino acid monomers or more. In certain embodiments, theoligopeptide is a dipeptide and the dipeptide is a dilysine or aglycinelysine dipeptide. When lysine is used as an amino acid in anoligopeptide linker, the sidechain alkylene amine may be used to linkother linker groups or other components in the molecule. The dipeptideor oligopeptide may be considered a cleavable linker or non-cleavabledepending upon the nature of the peptide.

In certain additional embodiments, as discussed above, the linker groupL_(N) is a group

a group

or a polypropylene glycol or polypropylene-co-polyethylene glycol linkerhaving between 1 and 100 glycol units (1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 52 and 50, 3 and 45);Where R_(a) is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol or forms a cyclic ring with R³(proline) and R³ is a side chain derived of an amino acid preferablyselected from the group consisting of alanine (methyl), arginine(propyleneguanidine), asparagine (methylenecarboxyamide), aspartic acid(ethanoic acid), cysteine (thiol, reduced or oxidized di-thiol),glutamine (ethylcarboxyamide), glutamic acid (propanoic acid), glycine(H), histidine (methyleneimidazole), isoleucine (1-methylpropane),leucine (2-methylpropane), lysine (butyleneamine), methionine(ethylmethylthioether), phenylalanine (benzyl), proline (R³ forms acyclic ring with R_(a) and the adjacent nitrogen group to form apyrrolidine group), serine (methanol), threonine (ethanol,1-hydroxyethane), tryptophan (methyleneindole), tyrosine (methylenephenol) or valine (isopropyl);X_(E) is a bond, 0, N—R_(NA), or S;R_(NA) is H or C₁-C₃ alkyl, preferably H;i is an integer from 0 to 6 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6);m″ is an integer from 0 to 25, preferably 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6;m is an integer from 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2,3, 4 or 5; andn is an integer from 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2,3, 4 or 5; orL_(N) may also be a linker according to the chemical formula:

Where Z and Z′ are each independently a bond, —(CH₂)_(i)—O,—(CH₂)_(i)—S, —(CH₂)_(i)—N—R,

wherein said —(CH₂); group, if present in Z or Z′, is bonded to [ILT],[CCMT], or an optionaldifunctional connector group [CON], if present;Each R is independently H, or a C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol group;Each R² is independently H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl group;Each Y is independently a bond, O, S or N—R;Each i is independently 0 to 100, 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;

D is

or a bond, or D may be

or a polypropylene glycol or polypropylene-co-polyethylene glycol linkerhaving between 1 and 100 glycol units (1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 52 and 50, 3 and 45);with the proviso that Z, Z′ and D are not each simultaneously bonds;j is 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;m (within this context) is an integer from 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; andn (within this context) is an integer from about 1 to 100, about 1 to75, about 1 to 60, about 1 to 50, about 1 to 45, about 1 to 35, about 1to 25, about 1 to 20, about 1 to 15, 2 to 10, about 4 to 12, about 5 to10, about 4 to 6, about 1 to 8, about 1 to 6, about 1 to 5, about 1 to4, about 1 to 3, etc.).m′ is 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;m″ is an integer between 0 to 25, preferably 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 0, 1, 2,3, 4, 5, or 6; n′ is 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2,3, 4 or 5;

X¹ is O, S or N—R;

R is as described above;R_(a) is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol or forms a cyclic ring with R³(proline) and R³ is a side chain derived of an amino acid preferablyselected from the group consisting of alanine (methyl), arginine(propyleneguanidine), asparagine (methylenecarboxyamide), aspartic acid(ethanoic acid), cysteine (thiol, reduced or oxidized di-thiol),glutamine (ethylcarboxyamide), glutamic acid (propanoic acid), glycine(H), histidine (methyleneimidazole), isoleucine (1-methylpropane),leucine (2-methylpropane), lysine (butyleneamine), methionine(ethylmethylthioether), phenylalanine (benzyl), proline (R³ forms acyclic ring with R_(a) and the adjacent nitrogen group to form apyrrolidine group), serine (methanol), threonine (ethanol,1-hydroxyethane), tryptophan (methyleneindole), tyrosine (methylenephenol) or valine (isopropyl).

It is noted that each of the linkers (both cleavable and non-cleavablelinkers) identified in the present application may be further linkedwith connector molecules/moieties [CON] molecules/moieties, [ILM] groupsand [CCMT] groups through amide groups (which include alkylene groups oneither or both sides of the amide group containing one to five methyleneunits), keto groups (which include alkylene keto groups containing oneto five methylene units on either or both sides of the keto group),amine groups (which include alkylene amine groups containing one to fivemethylene units on either or both sides of the amine group), urethanegroups (which include alkylene groups containing one to five methyleneunits on either or both sides of the urethane moiety), alkylene groups(containing from 1 to 5 methylene units), urea groups (which includealkylene groups containing one to five methylene units on either or bothsides of the urethane moiety) amino acids or other moieties compatiblewith the linker chemistry in order to link components of the molecules.It is noted that in the case of polyethylene glycol and polypeptidelinkers, the use of an additional group (eg, alkylene amine or othergroup as described above) or a second linker group may be useful forjoining the linker to another component of the molecule, including a[CON] group.

Additionally, more than one linker group identified herein may be linkedtogether to form a linker group as otherwise used in the presentcompounds, consistent with the stability of the linker chemistries.These extended linkers are often, though not exclusively linked through[CON] connecting groups as otherwise described herein.

The term “difunctional connnector group” or [CON] is used to describe adifunctional group which connects two (or more) portions of a linkergroup to extend the length of the linker group. In certain embodiments,a linker group is reacted with or forms a [CON] group with anotherlinker group to form an extended linker group. The reaction product ofthese groups results in an identifiable connector group [CON] which isdistinguishable from the linker group as otherwise described herein. Itis further noted that there may be some overlap between the descriptionof the difunctional connector group and the linker group, especiallywith respect to more common connector groups such as amide groups,oxygen (ether), sulfur (thioether) or amine linkages, urea or carbonate—OC(O)O— groups as otherwise described herein. It is noted that adifunctional connector molecule [CON] used hereunder is often connectedto two parts of a linker group which binds [ILM] to [CCMT].Alternatively, a [CON] group may be directly linked to a [IBT] group ormore often, a [CBT] group, as well as a [MULTICON] group as describedherein.

Common difunctional connector groups [CON] which are used in the presentinvention, principally to link one end of a linker to another end of alinker to provide a longer linker include the following chemical groups:

Where X² is O, S, NR⁴, S(O), S(O)₂, —S(O)₂O, —OS(O)₂, or OS(O)₂O;X³ is O, S, NR⁴; andR⁴ is H, a C₁-C₃ alkyl or alkanol group, or a —C(O)(C₁-C₃) group.

In certain embodiments, [CON] is a

group;where CL is

an amide, keto group, urethane or urea;m in CL is an integer from 0 to 12, often 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;and iL is 0 or 1, often 1;

In certain embodiments, this [CON] group is often linked through theamine of the triazole to a cleavable or non-cleavable linker.

The term “multifunctional connector”, symbolized by [MULTICON], is usedto describe a chemical group or molecule which is optionally included inchimeric compounds according to the present invention which link atleast one or more linker groups (which may be cleavable ornon-cleavable), difunctional connector groups (CON), (ILM) groups or(CCTM) groups as otherwise described herein. The connector group is theresulting moiety which forms from the facile condensation of at leastthree separate chemical fragments which contain reactive groups whichcan provide connector groups as otherwise described to produce chimericcompounds according to the present invention. It is noted that amultifunctional connector moiety or molecule [MULTICON] is readilydistinguishable from a linker in that the multifunctional connector isthe result of a specific chemistry which is used to provide chimericcompounds according to the present invention.

Connecting moieties in the present invention include at least onemultifunctional moiety or molecule [MULTICON] which contains three ormore functional groups which may be used to covalently bind (preferably,through a linker) to at least one [ILM] group (preferably more than one)and at least one [CCTM] group (preferably more than one), thus linkingeach of these functional groups into a single compound. Multifunctionalconnector groups for use in the present invention include moities whichhave at least three or more functional groups which can bind to linkersto which are bound [ILM] and/or [CCTM] groups in order to providecompounds which contain at least one [ILM] and [CCTM] groups, butpreferably more than one of each of these groups pursuant to the presentinvention. These multifunctional connector moieties may also bind toother multifunctional connector molecules in order to create compoundscontaining a number of [ILM] and [CCMT] groups as defined herein.

Multifunctional connector molecules [MULTICON] comprise any molecule ormoiety which contains at least three groups which may be linked to[ILM], [CCMT] and/or linkers (non-labile linkers or labile linkers)and/or other connector groups (including difunctional andmultifunctional connector groups) and often comprise five orsix-membered aryl or heteroaryl groups (especially six-membered ringgroups) exemplified by multifunctional, especially trifunctional ortetrafunctional aryl or heteroaryl groups, including phenyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl groups,each of which is substituted with at least 3 and up to 6 functionalgroups. These functional groups may be derived from nucleophilic orelectrophilic groups on the multifunctional connector molecule precursor(the multifunctional connector molecule which forms the [MULTICON]moiety in final compounds according to the present invention) which arecondensed onto linker groups (each of which contains, for example an[ILM] group or a [CCTM] group) which contains a group which can belinked to the [MULTICON] moiety. [MULTICON] groups which are used in thepresent invention preferably include substituted phenyl, pyridyl,pyrimidinyl and 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinylgroups, and other groups of multifunctionality especially includinggroups according to the chemical structure:

where Y₄ is C—H or N; andEach X″ is independently derived from an electrophilic or nucleophilicgroup, preferably (CH₂)_(n″)O, (CH₂)_(n″)NR^(CON), (CH₂)_(n)″S,(CH₂)_(n″) or (CH₂)_(n″)C═O;the substitutent R^(CON) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl, preferably H or CH₃n″ is 0, 1, 2 or 3 andr is an integer from 1-12, often 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” or “salt” is used throughoutthe specification to describe a salt form of one or more of thecompositions herein which are presented to increase the solubility ofthe compound in saline for parenteral delivery or in the gastric juicesof the patient's gastrointestinal tract in order to promote dissolutionand the bioavailability of the compounds. Pharmaceutically acceptablesalts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganicor organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived fromalkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals suchas calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts, among numerous other acidswell known in the pharmaceutical art. Sodium and potassium salts may bepreferred as neutralization salts of carboxylic acids and free acidphosphate containing compositions according to the present invention.The term “salt” shall mean any salt consistent with the use of thecompounds according to the present invention. In the case where thecompounds are used in pharmaceutical indications, including thetreatment of prostate cancer, including metastatic prostate cancer, theterm “salt” shall mean a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, consistentwith the use of the compounds as pharmaceutical agents.

The term “coadministration” shall mean that at least two compounds orcompositions are administered to the patient at the same time, such thateffective amounts or concentrations of each of the two or more compoundsmay be found in the patient at a given point in time. Although compoundsaccording to the present invention may be co-administered to a patientat the same time, the term embraces both administration of two or moreagents at the same time or at different times, provided that effectiveconcentrations of all coadministered compounds or compositions are foundin the subject at a given time. Chimeric antibody-recruiting compoundsaccording to the present invention may be administered with one or moreadditional anti-cancer agents or other agents which are used to treat orameliorate the symptoms of cancer, especially prostate cancer, includingmetastatic prostate cancer.

The term “anticancer agent” or “additional anticancer agent” refers to acompound other than the chimeric compounds according to the presentinvention which may be used in combination with a compound according tothe present invention for the treatment of cancer. Exemplary anticanceragents which may be coadministered in combination with one or morechimeric compounds according to the present invention include, forexample, antimetabolites, inhibitors of topoisomerase I and II,alkylating agents and microtubule inhibitors (e.g., taxol), amongothers. Exemplary anticancer compounds for use in the present inventionmay include everolirnus, trabectedin, abraxane, TLK 286, AV-299, DN-101,pazopanib, GSK690693, RTA 744, ON 0910.Na, AZD 6244 (ARRY-142886),AMN-107, TKI-258, GSK461364, AZD 1152, enzastaurin, vandetanib, ARQ-197,MK-0457, MLN8054, PHA-739358, R-763, AT-9263, a FLT-3 inhibitor, a VEGFRinhibitor, an EGFR TK inhibitor, an aurora kinase inhibitor, a PIK-1modulator, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, an HDAC inhbitor, a c-MET inhibitor, aPARP inhibitor, a Cdk inhibitor, an EGFR TK inhibitor, an IGFR-TKinhibitor, an anti-HGF antibody, a PI3 kinase inhibitors, an AKTinhibitor, a JAKISTAT inhibitor, a checkpoint-1 or 2 inhibitor, a focaladhesion kinase inhibitor, a Map kinase kinase (mek) inhibitor, a VEGFtrap antibody, pemetrexed, erlotinib, dasatanib, nilotinib, decatanib,panitumumab, amrubicin, oregovomab, Lep-etu, nolatrexed, azd2171,batabulin, ofatumumab (Arzerra), zanolimumab, edotecarin, tetrandrine,rubitecan, tesmilifene, oblimersen, ticilimumab, ipilimumab, gossypol,Bio 111, 131-I-TM-601, ALT-110, BIO 140, CC 8490, cilengitide,gimatecan, IL13-PE38QQR, INO 1001, IPdR₁ KRX-0402, lucanthone, LY317615, neuradiab, vitespan, Rta 744, Sdx 102, talampanel, atrasentan,Xr 311, romidepsin, ADS-100380, sunitinib, 5-fluorouracil, vorinostat,etoposide, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, irinotecan, liposomal doxorubicin,5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, vincristine, temozolomide, ZK-304709,seliciclib; PD0325901, AZD-6244, capecitabine, L-Glutamic acid,N-[4-[2-(2-amino-4,7-dihydro-4-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-,disodium salt, heptahydrate, camptothecin, PEG-labeled irinotecan,tamoxifen, toremifene citrate, anastrazole, exemestane, letrozole,DES(diethylstilbestrol), estradiol, estrogen, conjugated estrogen,bevacizumab, IMC-1C11, CHIR-258);3-[5-(methylsulfonylpiperadinemethyl)-indolylj-quinolone, vatalanib,AG-013736, AVE-0005, the acetate salt of [D-Ser(Bu t) 6, Azgly 10](pyro-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(Bu t)-Leu-Arg-Pro-Azgly-NH₂ acetate[C₅₉H84N₁₈Oi₄-(C₂H₄O₂)_(X) where x=1 to 2.4], goserelin acetate,leuprolide acetate, triptorelin pamoate, medroxyprogesterone acetate,hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, raloxifene,bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, megestrol acetate, CP-724714;TAK-165, HKI-272, erlotinib, lapatanib, canertinib, ABX-EGF antibody,erbitux, EKB-569, PKI-166, GW-572016, lonafarnib, BMS-214662,tipifarnib; amifostine, NVP-LAQ824, suberoyl analide hydroxamic acid,valproic acid, trichostatin A, FK-228, SU11248, sorafenib, KRN951,aminoglutethimide, arnsacrine, anagrelide, L-asparaginase, BacillusCalmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan,carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine,clodronate, cyproterone, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin,daunorubicin, diethylstilbestrol, epirubicin, fludarabine,fludrocortisone, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, gemcitabine, gleevac,hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib, leuprolide, levamisole,lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan, 6-mercaptopurine, mesna,methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane, mitoxantrone, nilutamide, octreotide,oxaliplatin, pamidronate, pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer,procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab, streptozocin, teniposide,testosterone, thalidomide, thioguanine, thiotepa, tretinoin, vindesine,13-cis-retinoic acid, phenylalanine mustard, uracil mustard,estramustine, altretamine, floxuridine, 5-deooxyuridine, cytosinearabinoside, 6-mecaptopurine, deoxycoformycin, calcitriol, valrubicin,mithramycin, vinblastine, vinorelbine, topotecan, razoxin, marimastat,COL-3, neovastat, BMS-275291, squalamine, endostatin, SU5416, SU6668,EMD121974, interleukin-12, IM862, angiostatin, vitaxin, droloxifene,idoxyfene, spironolactone, finasteride, cimitidine, trastuzumab,denileukin diftitox, gefitinib, bortezimib, paclitaxel, irinotecan,topotecan, doxorubicin, docetaxel, vinorelbine, bevacizumab (monoclonalantibody) and erbitux, cremophor-free paclitaxel, epithilone B,BMS-247550, BMS-310705, droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, pipendoxifene,ERA-923, arzoxifene, fulvestrant, acolbifene, lasofoxifene, idoxifene,TSE-424, HMR-3339, ZK186619, PTK787/ZK 222584, VX-745, PD 184352,rapamycin, 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, temsirolimus, AP-23573,RAD001, ABT-578, BC-210, LY294002, LY292223, LY292696, LY293684,LY293646, wortmannin, ZM336372, L-779,450, PEG-filgrastim, darbepoetin,erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, zolendronate,prednisone, cetuximab, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor,histrelin, pegylated interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2a, pegylatedinterferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-2b, azacitidine, PEG-L-asparaginase,lenalidomide, gemtuzumab, hydrocortisone, interleukin-11, dexrazoxane,alemtuzumab, all-transretinoic acid, ketoconazole, interleukin-2,megestrol, immune globulin, nitrogen mustard, methylprednisolone,ibritgumomab tiuxetan, androgens, decitabine, hexamethylmelamine,bexarotene, tositumomab, arsenic trioxide, cortisone, editronate,mitotane, cyclosporine, liposomal daunorubicin, Edwina-asparaginase,strontium 89, casopitant, netupitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonists,palonosetron, aprepitant, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, metoclopramide,lorazepam, alprazolam, haloperidol, droperidol, dronabinol,dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prochlorperazine, granisetron,ondansetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, pegfilgrastim, erythropoietin,epoetin alfa and darbepoetin alfa, among others.

In addition to anticancer agents, a number of other agents may becoadministered with chimeric compounds according to the presentinvention in the treatment of cancer. These include active agents,minerals, vitamins and nutritional supplements which have shown someefficacy in inhibiting cancer tissue or its growth or are otherwiseuseful in the treatment of cancer. For example, one or more of dietaryselenium, vitamin E, lycopene, soy foods, curcumin (turmeric), vitaminD, green tea, omega-3 fatty acids and phytoestrogens, includingbeta-sitosterol, may be utilized in combination with the presentcompounds to treat cancer.

Without not being limited by way of theory, anticancer compoundsaccording to the present invention which contain a cancer cell targetingmoiety (CCTM) and intercalating moiety (ILM) selectively bind to cancercells and through that binding, facilitate the introduction of the (ILM)moiety into the cancer cell selectively, where, the compound, inside thecell or during transport into the cancer cell, the cleavable linker iscleaved from the cancer cell targeting moiety, providing an agent forintercalating and/or damaging through breakage the cancer cell's DNA andcausing cell death.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising combinations of an effectiveamount of at least one compound disclosed herein, often a difunctionalchimeric compound (containing at least one ILM and at least one CCTM)according to the present invention, and one or more of the compounds asotherwise described herein, all in effective amounts, in combinationwith a pharmaceutically effective amount of a carrier, additive orexcipient, represents a further aspect of the present invention. Thesemay be used in combination with at least one additional, optionalanticancer agent as otherwise disclosed herein.

The compositions of the present invention may be formulated in aconventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers and may also be administered in controlled-releaseformulations. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used inthese pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, ionexchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, suchas human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine,sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturatedvegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as prolaminesulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate,sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate,polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol,sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol andwool fat.

The compositions of the present invention may be administered orally,parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally,buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir, among others. Theterm “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal,intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection orinfusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administeredorally (including via intubation through the mouth or nose into thestomach), intraperitoneally or intravenously.

Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may beaqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulatedaccording to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparationmay also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxicparenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in1, 3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloridesolution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employedas a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oilmay be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids,such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in thepreparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptableoils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in theirpolyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may alsocontain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv orsimilar alcohol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but notlimited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In thecase of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used includelactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate,are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form,useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueoussuspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combinedwith emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may beadministered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritatingexcipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectaltemperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also beadministered topically, especially to treat skin cancers, psoriasis orother diseases which occur in or on the skin. Suitable topicalformulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in arectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enemaformulation. Topically-acceptable transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may beformulated in a suitable ointment containing the active componentsuspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topicaladministration of the compounds of this invention include, but are notlimited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propyleneglycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax andwater.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in asuitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended ordissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitablecarriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitanmonostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated asmicronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or,preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, eitherwith our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutical compositions maybe formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also beadministered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions areprepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceuticalformulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzylalcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhancebioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizingor dispersing agents.

The amount of compound in a pharmaceutical composition of the instantinvention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce asingle dosage form will vary depending upon the host and diseasetreated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, thecompositions should be formulated to contain between about 0.05milligram to about 750 milligrams or more, more preferably about 1milligram to about 600 milligrams, and even more preferably about 10milligrams to about 500 milligrams of active ingredient, alone or incombination with at least one additional non-antibody attractingcompound which may be used to treat cancer, prostate cancer ormetastatic prostate cancer or a secondary effect or condition thereof.

Methods of treating patients or subjects in need for a particulardisease state or condition as otherwise described herein, especiallycancer, comprise administration of an effective amount of apharmaceutical composition comprising therapeutic amounts of one or moreof the novel compounds described herein and optionally at least oneadditional bioactive (e.g. anti-cancer) agent according to the presentinvention. The amount of active ingredient(s) used in the methods oftreatment of the instant invention that may be combined with the carriermaterials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon thehost treated, the particular mode of administration. For example, thecompositions could be formulated so that a therapeutically effectivedose of between about 0.01, 0.1, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45,50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 or 100 mg/kg of patient/day or insome embodiments, greater than 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170,180, 190 or 200 mg/kg of the novel compounds can be administered to apatient receiving these compositions.

It should also be understood that a specific dosage and treatmentregimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety offactors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, theage, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration,rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treatingphysician and the severity of the particular disease or condition beingtreated.

A patient or subject (e.g. a male human) suffering from cancer can betreated by administering to the patient (subject) an effective amount ofa chimeric compound according to the present invention includingpharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or polymorphs, thereofoptionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, eitheralone, or in combination with other known anticancer or pharmaceuticalagents, preferably agents which can assist in treating cancer, includingmetastatic cancer or ameliorate the secondary effects and conditionsassociated with cancer. This treatment can also be administered inconjunction with other conventional cancer therapies, such as radiationtreatment or surgery.

The present compounds, alone or in combination with other agents asdescribed herein, can be administered by any appropriate route, forexample, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally,subcutaneously, or topically, in liquid, cream, gel, or solid form, orby aerosol form.

The active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient atherapeutically effective amount for the desired indication, withoutcausing serious toxic effects in the patient treated. A preferred doseof the active compound for all of the herein-mentioned conditions is inthe range from about 10 ng/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 100 mg/kgper day, more generally 0.5 to about 25 mg per kilogram body weight ofthe recipient/patient per day. A typical topical dosage will range fromabout 0.01-3% wt/wt in a suitable carrier.

The compound is conveniently administered in any suitable unit dosageform, including but not limited to one containing less than lmg, 1 mg to3000 mg, preferably 5 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosageform. An oral dosage of about 25-250 mg is often convenient.

The active ingredient is preferably administered to achieve peak plasmaconcentrations of the active compound of about 0.00001-30 mM, preferablyabout 0.1-30 μM. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenousinjection of a solution or formulation of the active ingredient,optionally in saline, or an aqueous medium or administered as a bolus ofthe active ingredient. Oral administration is also appropriate togenerate effective plasma concentrations of active agent.

The concentration of active compound in the drug composition will dependon absorption, distribution, inactivation, and excretion rates of thedrug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It isto be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of thecondition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for anyparticular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted overtime according to the individual need and the professional judgment ofthe person administering or supervising the administration of thecompositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein areexemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice ofthe claimed composition. The active ingredient may be administered atonce, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to beadministered at varying intervals of time.

Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an ediblecarrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed intotablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the activecompound or its prodrug derivative can be incorporated with excipientsand used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceuticallycompatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included aspart of the composition.

The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any ofthe following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a bindersuch as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; anexcipient such as starch or lactose, a dispersing agent such as alginicacid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearateor Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweeteningagent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such aspeppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring. When the dosage unitform is a capsule, it can contain, in addition to material of the abovetype, a liquid carrier such as a fatty oil. In addition, dosage unitforms can contain various other materials which modify the physical formof the dosage unit, for example, coatings of sugar, shellac, or entericagents.

The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can beadministered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer,chewing gum or the like. A syrup may contain, in addition to the activecompounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyesand colorings and flavors.

The active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof canalso be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desiredaction, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such asother anticancer agents, antibiotics, antifungals, antiinflammatories,or antiviral compounds. In certain preferred aspects of the invention,one or more chimeric antibody-recruiting compound according to thepresent invention is coadministered with another anticancer agent and/oranother bioactive agent, as otherwise described herein.

Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous,or topical application can include the following components: a sterilediluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils,polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other syntheticsolvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methylparabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite;chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers suchas acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment oftonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The parental preparationcan be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vialsmade of glass or plastic.

If administered intravenously, preferred carriers are physiologicalsaline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).

In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers thatwill protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, suchas a controlled and/or sustained release formulation, including implantsand microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatiblepolymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides,polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid.Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art.

Liposomal suspensions or cholestosomes may also be pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known tothose skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).For example, liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolvingappropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine,stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, andcholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leavingbehind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. Anaqueous solution of the active compound are then introduced into thecontainer. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid materialfrom the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates,thereby forming the liposomal suspension.

Rationale for Design of Compounds

The first goal in constructing compounds according to the presentinvention is to design an appropriate bifunctional/chimeric moleculecapable of binding to a cancer cell and deposit at least a portion ofthe molecule (the ILM moiety) into the cell to intercalate and/or damagethrough breakage DNA and produce cell death. It is our finding thatlinking a cancer cell targeting moiety (CCTM) to an intercalating moietyas otherwise described herein would provide a targeting approach todelivering the intercalating moiety to a cancer cell selectively. Tothat end, a variety of CCTMs were covalently connected to ILM moietiesthrough linkers as otherwise described herein to provide chimericcompounds which bind cancer cells and deposit ILM moieties (eitherdetached from or linked to the CCTM) into a cell to promote the death ofthe cell. Thus, the present compounds rely on linking an ILM moiety asotherwise disclosed herein which has polynucleotide intercalating and/orcleavage (cell death) capability with a CCTM which targets sites oncancer cells (often receptors or other polypeptides) to selectively bindthe chimeric compound to the cancer cells for uptake (either the entirechimeric molecule or at least the ILM portion of the molecule uponcleavage of the ILM from the chimeric molecule).

Chemical Synthesis

In order to synthesize compounds according to the present invention,chemical synthetic steps which are well known in the art used. Theseoften are simple condensation reactions. Chimeric molecules according tothe present invention are synthesized by condensing a linker moleculeonto a functional group of an ILM group or a CCTM group and thereafter,either extending the linker which is covalently linked to the ILM group(or CCTM) to a CCTM (or ILM group). Various approaches may be used. Weprovide exemplary chemistry for providing numerous compounds accordingto the present invention.

As set forth in attached FIG. 1, the protected cyclohexanone compound isfirst dialkylated in a first step using a common procedure and thedialkyl derivative is then subjected to IBX•MPO according to theprocedure of Nicolaou, et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 996 tointroduce a double bond into the cyclohexane moiety as depicted inFIG. 1. Alternatively the dialkylated intermediate is subject tosilanation (using TMSOTf followed by DIPEA) to produce the silaneprotected intermediate which is reduced using palladium diacetate or DDQaccording to the methods of Ito, et al., Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 1011 (Pdcatalyst) or Ryu, et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 19, 3455 (DDQ). Thedialkylated cyclohexenone derivative is then asymmetrically reduced toprovide the corresponding protected alcohol which can be deprotectedusing standard acid hydrolysis to provide the dialkylated cyclohexenonealcohol as depicted in FIG. 1. The cyclohexenone alcohol can be used toprovide an ILM group to which is bonded a carbohydrate moiety as setforth in attached FIG. 3.

FIG. 2 shows an exemplary synthesis of a carbohydrate used on the ILMgroup of certain embodiments according to the present invention. Asdepicted in FIG. 2, the carbohydrate is formed from the startingmaterial which is first subjected to a Shi catalyst and oxone to formthe resulting epoxide following the procedures of Frohn, et al., J. Org.Chem. 1998, 63, 2948. The epoxide is then reacted with DMBNHCH₃(Dimethoxybenzyl methylamine) to form the corresponding aminated alcoholby analogy following the procedure of Gholap, et al., Org. Lett. 2009,11, 4322. Procedures in that same reference were used to reduce theester to the corresponding aldehyde, which was cyclized using PMBOH andDBU pursuant to the procedures of Gholap, et al., supra, to form theaminated carbohydrate derivative. That carbohydrate was readilyacetylated and the DMB group removed in DDQ, and the FMoc protectinggroup was used to protect the free amine as indicated. The acetyl groupwas removed using standard hydrolysis conditions and the fluorine wassubstituted for the hydroxyl group using DAST (diethylaminosulfurtrifluoride) following the procedure of Posner and Haines, TetrahedronLett. 1985, 26, 5 to form the final fluorinated intermediate of FIG. 2which was further condensed with the dialkylated cyclohexenone alcoholof FIG. 1 to provide ILM groups with attached carbohydrate which can befurther derivatized pursuant to the chemical scheme presented inattached FIGS. 4 and 6 to provide final chimeric compounds according tothe present invention.

Pursuant to the chemical scheme set forth in attached FIG. 3, thedialkylated cyclohexenone alcohol is condensed with the fluorinatedcarbohydrate of FIG. 2 using the Lewis acid BF₃.OEt₂ by analogy to theprocedure of Gholap, et al., supra, to form the cyclohexenonealcohol-linked carbohydrate which is alkylated and protected asindicated by analogy pursuant to the procedures of Woo, et al., J. Am.Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 2540; Herzon, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133,7260 and Woo, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 17262. Thatintermediate is then reduced to form the alkylated enone in Pd(OAc)₂ orDDQ or PhSeCl, followed by hydrogen peroxide pursuant to the proceduresof Ito, et al., J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 1011 (Pd); Murai, et al.,Tetrahedron Lett. 1978, 19, 3455 (DDQ); or Reich, et al., J. Am. Chem.Soc. 1975, 97, 5434 (PhSeCl), which is then reacted with thedibrominated fused cyclic analog in TASF(Et) to condense the fusedcyclic ring onto the cyclohexenone moiety forming a methylene bridge.See Woo, et al., Herzon, et al., and Woo, et al, supra.

Pursuant to the chemical scheme set forth in attached FIG. 4, the fusedcyclic ring and cyclohexenone moiety (to which is attached acarbohydrate as indicated in FIG. 4) is cyclized to a four membered ringusing Pd(OAc)₂ or Pd(OC(O)CH₂Cl₂ and PPH₃ (polymer supported) and silvercarbonate, pursuant to the approach presented in Woo, et al., Herzon, etal., and Woo, et al, supra. That substituted four ring intermediate isthen subjected to DDQ to remove the PMB group provide the free hydroxylintermediate which is subjected to TfN₃ and DIPEA pursuant to thedescribed method of Woo, et al., Herzon, et al., and Woo, et al, supra.to introduce a diazo group on the five membered ring as shown in FIG. 4,which is subsequently dimerized in the presence of TBSOTf followed byCAN or other single electron oxidant pursuant to the method described inHerzon, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 7260 and Woo, J. Am. Chem.Soc. 2012, 134, 17262 (also cited above) to produce the dimerizedprotected intermediate as set forth in FIG. 4. As set forth in thechemical scheme of FIG. 6, the dimerized protected intermediate can belinked to a linker-CCTM group by pre-preparing a linker-CCTMintermediate which contains a functional group (such as a carboxylicacid, or other electrophilic group) which can be condensed onto the freehydroxyl groups of the dimerized ILM group. As set forth in FIG. 6, thedimerized protected intermediate containing two free hydroxyl groups areesterified with a targeting element-linker which contains a carboxylategroup (an alternative of an isocyanate would produce a more stableurethane group and other more stable groups are also contemplated, forexample a urea group, among others) to provide the esterified protectedintermediate which links two CCTM groups as indicated. The esterifiedprotected intermediate may be deprotected using standard procedures wellknown in the art to provide the final chimeric molecule which contains adimerized ILM group and two CCTM groups.

Other ILM groups may also be readily prepared. For example, pursuant tothe synthetic chemical scheme set forth in FIG. 5, the four-membereddeoxy polycyclic compound of FIG. 5 is modified to provide a diazomoiety in the five membered ring using chemical synthetic stepspreviously described and the resulting diazo compound is condensed witha protected carbohydrate compound using previously described syntheticsteps to provide the deoxy four-membered ring intermediate of FIG. 5.Using analogous steps, this intermediate may be dimerized, bonded to acarbohydrate and/or linked to one or more linker CCTM groups to providedimeric compounds according to the present invention containing one ormore linker-CCTM groups. FIG. 7 shows an exemplary series of stepswherein a diazo substituted four membered fused cyclic compound isdimerized using previously described synthetic steps, deprotected usingstanding methodology and then linked to linker-CCTM groups at one ormore hydroxyl groups which are available for coupling with a functionalgroup on the linker-CCTM group.

FIGS. 8 and 9 exemplify the steps for introducing a cyclopentanone groupon the ILM group starting from the cyclopentanone and producing the fourmembered ring compound which is diazo substituted and eventuallydimerized using methods which have been previously described. Thedimerized compound is then coupled to at least one linker-CCTM groups atthe available free hydroxyl group(s).

FIG. 10 shows a chemical synthetic approach which builds a linkerthrough a triazole connector group [CON] by reacting the dialkylatedcyclohexenone alcohol 3 with a carbohydrate analog 4 which has beenderivatized to contain a propene group and a TMS-protected alkyl vinylgroup 5 which is used to covalently link dibromo compound 6 usingTASF(Et) in a reaction described above (see above and FIG. 3). Theresulting compound 7 contains a propene group on the carbohydrate moietywhich can be used to form a triazole [CON] group as part of a linkergroup or directly to a CCTM group. Compound 7 is cyclized to compound 8of FIG. 11 using the previously described method which is dimerized toprovide compound 9 and coupled to cleavable linker folate compound 10through the reaction of an azido group of compound 10 (not shown) withthe propene group to form the triazole moiety in compound 11.Alternatively, compound 8 may be reacted with compound 10 containing anazido group (not shown) to provide compound 12, a dimeric compoundcontaining an ILM group and a CCTM group.

FIG. 12 shows several facile reactions to link a folate, herceptin orYSA peptide CCTM group through cleavable or noncleavable linkers with anILM group (depicted as Warhead) as otherwise disclosed herein. FIGS. 13and 14 show Lomaivitacin A derivatives (ILM group) which are linked to aCCTM group through the formation of an ester containing an alkyne groupon the free hydroxyls of Lomaiviticin A, which alkyne group may bereadily coupled onto the azido group of the linker-folate intermediate(FIG. 14) to provide the complex compound comprising a Lomaiviticin A(ILM) group and a number of cleavable linker groups covalently attachedto a folate CTM group.

Various compounds according to the present invention may be readilysynthesized using techniques which are described hereinabove and asapplied using standard synthetic chemical techniques.

By way of the following examples, further detailed description of thepresent invention is made. These should not be taken to limit thepresent invention in any way.

Biological Assays Chronogenic Survival Assays

A number of cancer cells lines were tested for effectness of(−)-lomaiviticin A or MK7-206. These cell lines are DNA damage responsedeficient cells (DDR-deficient cancer cells, indicated in FIGS. 16-24)or hypoxic cells (indicated in FIG. 25). The indicated cells were seededat 500 cells per well in 6-2311 dishes and treated with variousconcentrations of (−)-lomaiviticin A at the indicated concentrationsindicated in FIGS. 16-25 for a period of 24 hours, after which time themedia containing the inhibitor was removed and replaced with freshmedia. Colonies were fixed with 0.9% saline solution and stained withcrystal violet 8-14 days later. Colonies consistent of greater than 50cells were counted. Experiments utilizing MK7-206 for the cell lineswhich are presented in attached FIG. 28 (Table 2) and FIG. 30 (Table 4)were also conducted (at higher concentrations than for (−) lomaiviticinA). MK7-206 showed similar efficacy to LA, but at a higherconcentration.

Western Blotting

MCF-7 are seeded into 6-well dishes and treated with various doses of(−)-lomaiviticin A (LA), in the absence and presence of ionizingradiation (IR) at a dose rate of 2.4295 Gy/min (2 Gy, X-Ray) for 24hour. After treatment, the cells were harvested for lysis in AZ lysisbuffer (50 nM Tris, 250 mM NaCl, 1% Igepal, 0.1% SDS, 5 mM EDTA, 10 mMNa₄P₂O₇, 10 mM NaF) containing protease and phosphatase inhibitors.Western blotting was performed (FIG. 26).

Primary antibodies used were: mouse monoclonal anti-Ser1981-pATM(10H11.E12, Millipore, Temecula, Calif.), mouse monoclonal anti-vinculin(SPM227, Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.), rabbit polyclonal anti-Ser428-pATR(Cell Signaling, Danvers, Mass.), rabbit polyclonal anti-Thr68-pCHK2(Cell Signaling), rabbit monoclonal anti-CHK2 (D9C6, Cell Signaling),rabbit monoclonal anti-Ser345-pCHK1 (Cell Signaling), and rabbitmonoclonal anti-CHK1 (E250, Millipore).

Proteins were visualized with horseradish peroxidase-conjugatedanti-mouse and anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (Thermo Scientific,Rockford, Ill.) and the SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substratedetection system (Thermo Scientific).

Results:

The results of the above-described experiments are presented in attachedFIGS. 16-27. The various experiments evidenced that cells which wereDDR-deficient (BRCA2, pten, KU80 and DNApk) were more sensitive to(−)-lomaiviticin A. In addition, hypoxic cells, as evidenced by theeffect of (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) on hypoxic MCF7 and A549 cells (FIG.25) are more sensitive to (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) than are the normoxiccells. (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA) treated MCF7 cells showed an increase inpATM and pCHK2, but not pATR and pCHK1 (FIG. 26).

The results of the experiments conducted and presented in FIGS. 16-24shows that numerous DDR-deficient cancer cells are particularlysusceptible to (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA), representing a treatment optionfor cancer patients. FIGS. 27-30, Tables 1-3 summarizes the results ofthe experiments which are presented in FIGS. 16-25.

FIGS. 27-30 evidence that both (−) lomaiviticin A and MK7-206 showexcellent efficacy against cell lines in which certain DNA damage repairsystems are deficient or down regulated. These two agents also exhibitor are expected to exhibit potent efficacy against hypoxic cells.

1. A compound for use as an anti-cancer agent comprising at least oneintercalating moiety (ILM) which is capable of intercalating and/orcleaving DNA of cytotoxic cells in a patient to be treated for cancerand at least one cancer cell targeting moiety (CCTM) wherein said atleast one CCTM group is covalently linked to said ILM group through anoptional linker.
 2. The compound according to claim 1 wherein saidlinker is cleavable or non-cleavable linker.
 3. A compound according tothe chemical structure:

where Y is a bond or CH—R^(S) group; R₄ and R₅ are each independentlyOH, C₁-C₃ alkyl, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, a OC(O)—(C₁-C₃) alkyl group, aC(O)O—C₁-C₃) or L-CCTM (preferably both R₄ and R₅ are OH); R₆ and R₇ areeach independently H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, OH, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Bror I), a OC(O)—(C₁-C₃) alkyl group, a C(O)O—C₁-C₃) or L-CCTM; R^(A) andR^(B) are each independently H, C₁-C₃ alkyl (preferably, ethyl or H andethyl) or L-CCTM; R^(D) is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl, O(C₁-C₃) alkyl, an optionallysubstituted aryl group or forms a dimer compound with the compound towhich R^(D) is attached (in certain preferred embodiments, R^(D) is H orthe compound to which R^(D) is attached and R^(D) form a dimer) R^(S) isH, a

group where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and one or more of the methylenegroups when present are optionally substituted with OH, OCH₃ or CH₃, orR^(S) is a sugar moiety containing a 4-amino group which is optionallysubstituted with a L-CCTM group or one or two C₁-C₃ alkyl groups whichalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or two alcoholgroups, preferably R^(S) is a sugar moiety according to the chemicalstructure:

where X is O, S, N—R^(N) or CH₂ (preferably O); R^(N) is H or a C₁-C₃alkyl group (preferably H); R¹ and R² are each independently H, a C₁-C₃alkyl group optionally substituted with one or two alcohol groups(preferably methyl) or a L-CCTM group; R₁, R₂ and R₃ are eachindependently H, OH, a halo group (F, Cl, Br, I), O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, aC₁-C₃ alkyl, a C₂-C₄ acyl group, a OC(O)—(C₁-C₃) alkyl group, aC(O)O—C₁-C₃) alkyl group or a L-CCTM group; L is a bond or a linkergroup; and CCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to acancer cell, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer,solvate or polymorph thereof.
 4. A compound according to the chemicalstructure:

where R¹ and R² are each independently H, a C₁-C₃ alkyl group(preferably methyl) or a L-CCTM group; R₁, R₂ and R₃ are eachindependently H, OH, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, a C₁-C₃ alkyl or a L-CCTM group; R₄and R₅ are each independently OH, C₁-C₃ alkyl, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl or L-CCTM(preferably both are OH); R₆ and R₇ are each independently H, C₁-C₃alkyl, OH, O—(C₁-C₃)alkyl, halo (F, Cl, Br or I) or L-CCTM; R^(A) andR^(B) are each independently H, C₁-C₃ alkyl (preferably, ethyl or H andethyl) or L-CCTM; R^(D) is H or forms a dimeric compound with thecompound to which RD is attached (preferably R^(D) and the compound towhich R^(D) is attached are identical and attached at the sameposition); L is absent (a bond) or a linker group (preferably, acleavable linker group); and CCTM is a cancer cell targeting moietywhich binds to a cancer cell, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,stereoisiomer, solvate or polymorph thereof.
 5. A compound according tothe chemical structure:

Where R¹ and R² are each independently H, CH₃ or L-CCTM (preferably,both are CH₃); R₁ is H, C₁-C₃ alkyl or L-CCTM, (preferably CH₃); R₂ isH, OH or L-CCTM, (preferably OH)_(;) R₃ is H, CH₃, or L-CCTM,(preferably H); R₆ and R₇ are each independently H or L-CCTM; R^(A) andR^(B) are each independently H, ethyl, or L-CCTM; and R^(D) is H orforms a dimeric compound with the compound to which RD is attached(preferably R^(D) and the compound to which R^(D) is attached areidentical and attached at the same position); L is absent (a bond) or alinker group, which may be a cleavable linker group or a non-cleavablelinker group depending on the CCTM group; and CCTM is a cancer celltargeting moiety which binds to a cancer cell, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, stereoisomer, solvate or polymorph thereof.
 6. Acompound according to the chemical structure:

where each R_(C) is independently OH or a L-CCTM group; L is absent (abond) or a linker group, which may be a cleavable linker group or anon-cleavable linker group; and CCTM is a cancer cell targeting moietywhich binds to a cancer cell, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt,stereoisomer, solvate or polymorph thereof.
 7. A compound according tothe chemical structure:

where R_(C) is OH or a L-CCTM group; L is absent (a bond) or a linkergroup, which may be a cleavable linker group or a non-cleavable linkergroup; and CCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to acancer cell, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer,solvate or polymorph thereof.
 8. A compound according to the chemicalstructure:

where R_(C) is OH or a L-CCTM group; L is absent (a bond) or a linkergroup, which may be a cleavable linker group or a non-cleavable linkergroup; and CCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to acancer cell, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer,solvate or polymorph thereof.
 9. A compound according to the chemicalstructure:

where R is H or CH₃ with the proviso that at least one R is CH₃(preferably, all R are CH₃); and Linker is a linker group which isoptionally substituted with a CCTM group.
 10. A compound according tothe chemical structure:

where R^(L) is H or a L-CCTM group; L is absent (a bond) or a linkergroup, which may be a cleavable linker group or a non-cleavable linkergroup; and CCTM is a cancer cell targeting moiety which binds to acancer cell, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer,solvate or polymorph thereof.
 11. The compound according to claim 1wherein said CCTM group is a folate receptor binding moiety, amonoclonal antibody, an antibody fragment (FAB), a single chain variablefragment (scFv) antibody, a PSMA binding moiety or a YSA peptide. 12.The compound according to claim 11 wherein said folate receptor bindingmoiety is a moiety according to the chemical structure:

where X_(F) is C(O), S(O), S(O)₂, CR_(F)R_(F), O, S or N—R_(F); andR_(F) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl (preferably H).
 13. The compound accordingto claim 1 wherein said CCTM group is a YSA peptide having the sequenceYSAYPDSVPMMS (SEQ ID NO: 1).
 14. The compound according to claim 3wherein said CCTM group is a PSMA group according to the chemicalstructure:

Where X₁ and X₂ are each independently CH₂, O, NH or S; X₃ is O, CH₂,NR¹, S(O), S(O)₂, —S(O)₂O, —OS(O)₂, or OS(O)₂O; R¹ is H, a C₁-C₃ alkylgroup, or a —C(O)(C₁-C₃) group; and k is an integer from 0 to 20; or asalt or enantiomer thereof.
 15. The compound according to claim 14wherein said PSMA binding group is the group

or a salt or enantiomer thereof.
 16. The compound according to claim 1wherein said CCTM group is herceptin.
 17. The compound according toclaim 1 wherein said linker group is a cleavable linker.
 18. Thecompound according to claim 1 wherein said linker group is anon-cleavable linker.
 19. The compound according to claim 17 whereinsaid linker comprises a group according to the chemical structure:

where R is an ethylene glycol group, a methylene group or an amino acid,preferably an ethylene glycol group or an amino acid and n is from 0 to10, often from 1 to 6, or 1 to 3 and where points of attachment (asindicated) are to other portions of the cleavable linker, a difunctionalconnector moiety (CON), a non-cleavable (non-labile) linker (L_(N)), ora multifunctional connector molecule [MULTICON], through which an [ILM]functional group and a [CCTM] functional group are linked as otherwisedescribed herein; X is O, N—R^(AL) or S; R^(AL) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkylgroup (often H or Me, most often H); Y is O or S and Z=Me, Et, iPr, tBu,phenyl, each of which may be optionally substituted with one or morehalogen groups (especially from three up to five Fs, preferably no morethan three Fs) and wherein said phenyl group may be further optionallysubstituted with a C₁-C₃ alkyl group (which itself may be substitutedwith up to three halogens, preferably F) or OMe.
 20. The compoundaccording to claim 17 wherein said linker comprises a group according tothe chemical structure:

Where R is independently an ethylene glycol group, a methylene group oran amino acid where at least one amino acid (that which provides one ofthe sulfurs in the disulfide group) is a cysteinyl group and n in thislabile linker is from 0 to
 10. 21. The compound according to claim 17wherein said linker comprises a group according to the chemicalstructure:

Where the protease substrate is a a peptide containing from 2 to 50amino acid units; R is an ethylene glycol group or a methylene group andn is from 0 to
 10. 22. The compound according to claim 21 wherein saidprotease substrate consists essentially of the peptide-Gly-Phe-Leu-Gly-; -Ala-Leu-Ala-Leu; -Phe-Arg-; -Phe-Lys-; -Val-Cit-(valine-citrillune) -Val-Lys-; or -Val-Ala-.
 23. The compound accordingto claim 17 wherein said cleavable linker is a beta-glucosidase linkerconsisting essentially of moiety according to the chemical structure:


24. The compound according to claim 18 wherein said linker is a(poly)ethylene glycol linker ranging in length from 2 to about 100ethylene glycol units or a polyethylene-co-polypropylene (PEG/PPG blockcopolymer) linker ranging from 2 to about 100 ethylene glycol andpropylene glycol units.
 25. The compound according to claim 18 whereinsaid linker is according to the chemical formula:

where R_(a) is H or a C₁-C₃ alkyl; m is an integer from 1 to 12; m″ isan integer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; and iL is 0or
 1. 26. The compound according to claim 1 wherein said linker isaccording to the chemical structure:

Where q is an integer from 0-12; q′ is 1 to 12 and iL is 0 or
 1. 27. Thecompound according to claim 1 wherein said linker is according to thechemical structure:

Where q is an integer from 0-12, preferably 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; q′ is1 to 12, often 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; iL is 0 or 1; and R_(L) is an aminoacid or an oligopeptide.
 28. The compound according to claim 3 whereR^(S) is a

group where n is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and one or more of the methylenegroups when present are optionally substituted with OH or CH₃, or R^(S)is a sugar moiety containing a 4-amino group which is optionallysubstituted with a L-CCTM group or one or two C₁-C₃ alkyl groups whichalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or two alcoholgroups.
 29. The compound according to claim 3 wherein R^(S) is a groupaccording to the chemical structure:


30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of acompound according to claim 1 in combination with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, additive and excipient and optionally in furthercombination with another anticancer agent.
 31. The composition accordingto claim 30 wherein said additional anticancer agent is anantimetabolite, an inhibitor of topoisomerase I and II, an alkylatingagent, a microtubule inhibitor or a mixture thereof.
 32. The compositionaccording to claim 30 wherein said additional anticancer agent iseverolimus, trabectedin, abraxane, TLK 286, AV-299, DN-101, pazopanib,GSK690693, RTA 744, ON 0910.Na, AZD 6244 (ARRY-142886), AMN-107,TKI-258, GSK461364, AZD 1152, enzastaurin, vandetanib, ARQ-197, MK-0457,MLN8054, PHA-739358, R-763, AT-9263, a FLT-3 inhibitor, a VEGFRinhibitor, an EGFR TK inhibitor, an aurora kinase inhibitor, a PIK-1modulator, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, an HDAC inhbitor, a c-MET inhibitor, aPARP inhibitor, a Cdk inhibitor, an EGFR TK inhibitor, an IGFR-TKinhibitor, an anti-HGF antibody, a PI3 kinase inhibitors, an AKTinhibitor, a JAKISTAT inhibitor, a checkpoint-1 or 2 inhibitor, a focaladhesion kinase inhibitor, a Map kinase kinase (mek) inhibitor, a VEGFtrap antibody, pemetrexed, erlotinib, dasatanib, nilotinib, decatanib,panitumumab, amrubicin, oregovomab, Lep-etu, nolatrexed, azd2171,batabulin, ofatumumab (Arzerra), zanolimumab, edotecarin, tetrandrine,rubitecan, tesmilifene, oblimersen, ticilimumab, ipilimumab, gossypol,Bio 111, 131-I-TM-601, ALT-110, BIO 140, CC 8490, cilengitide,gimatecan, IL13-PE38QQR, INO 1001 IPdR₁ KRX-0402, lucanthone, LY 317615,neuradiab, vitespan, Rta 744, Sdx 102, talampanel, atrasentan, Xr 311,romidepsin, ADS-100380, sunitinib, 5-fluorouracil, vorinostat,etoposide, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, irinotecan, liposomal doxorubicin,5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine, vincristine, temozolomide, ZK-304709,seliciclib; PD0325901, AZD-6244, capecitabine, L-Glutamic acid,N-[4-[2-(2-amino-4,7-dihydro-4-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-,disodium salt, heptahydrate, camptothecin, PEG-labeled irinotecan,tamoxifen, toremifene citrate, anastrazole, exemestane, letrozole,DES(diethylstilbestrol), estradiol, estrogen, conjugated estrogen,bevacizumab, IMC-1C11, CHIR-258);3-[5-(methylsulfonylpiperadinemethyl)-indolylj-quinolone, vatalanib,AG-013736, AVE-0005, the acetate salt of [D-Ser(Bu t) 6, Azgly 10](pyro-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(Bu t)-Leu-Arg-Pro-Azgly-NH₂ acetate[C₅₉H₈₄N₁₈Oi₄-(C₂H₄O₂)_(X) where x=1 to 2.4], goserelin acetate,leuprolide acetate, triptorelin pamoate, medroxyprogesterone acetate,hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, raloxifene,bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, megestrol acetate, CP-724714;TAK-165, HKI-272, erlotinib, lapatanib, canertinib, ABX-EGF antibody,erbitux, EKB-569, PKI-166, GW-572016, Ionafamib, BMS-214662, tipifarnib;amifostine, NVP-LAQ824, suberoyl analide hydroxamic acid, valproic acid,trichostatin A, FK-228, SU11248, sorafenib, KRN951, aminoglutethimide,arnsacrine, anagrelide, L-asparaginase, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)vaccine, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, carboplatin, carmustine,chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, cyproterone,cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, diethylstilbestrol,epirubicin, fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluoxymesterone, flutamide,gemcitabine, gleevac, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib,leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan,6-mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane,mitoxantrone, nilutamide, octreotide, oxaliplatin, pamidronate,pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab,streptozocin, teniposide, testosterone, thalidomide, thioguanine,thiotepa, tretinoin, vindesine, 13-cis-retinoic acid, phenylalaninemustard, uracil mustard, estramustine, altretamine, floxuridine,5-deooxyuridine, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mecaptopurine, deoxycoformycin,calcitriol, valrubicin, mithramycin, vinblastine, vinorelbine,topotecan, razoxin, marimastat, COL-3, neovastat, BMS-275291,squalamine, endostatin, SU5416, SU6668, EMD 121974, interleukin-12,IM862, angiostatin, vitaxin, droloxifene, idoxyfene, spironolactone,finasteride, cimitidine, trastuzumab, denileukin diftitox, gefitinib,bortezimib, paclitaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, doxorubicin, docetaxel,vinorelbine, bevacizumab (monoclonal antibody) and erbitux,cremophor-free paclitaxel, epithilone B, BMS-247550, BMS-310705,droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, pipendoxifene, ERA-923, arzoxifene,fulvestrant, acolbifene, lasofoxifene, idoxifene, TSE-424, HMR-3339,ZK186619, PTK787/ZK 222584, VX-745, PD 184352, rapamycin,40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, temsirolimus, AP-23573, RAD001,ABT-578, BC-210, LY294002, LY292223, LY292696, LY293684, LY293646,wortmannin, ZM336372, L-779,450, PEG-filgrastim, darbepoetin,erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, zolendronate,prednisone, cetuximab, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor,histrelin, pegylated interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2a, pegylatedinterferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-2b, azacitidine, PEG-L-asparaginase,lenalidomide, gemtuzumab, hydrocortisone, interleukin-11, dexrazoxane,alemtuzumab, all-transretinoic acid, ketoconazole, interleukin-2,megestrol, immune globulin, nitrogen mustard, methylprednisolone,ibritgumomab tiuxetan, androgens, decitabine, hexamethylmelamine,bexarotene, tositumomab, arsenic trioxide, cortisone, editronate,mitotane, cyclosporine, liposomal daunorubicin, Edwina-asparaginase,strontium 89, casopitant, netupitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonists,palonosetron, aprepitant, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, metoclopramide,lorazepam, alprazolam, haloperidol, droperidol, dronabinol,dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prochlorperazine, granisetron,ondansetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, pegfilgrastim, erythropoietin,epoetin alfa, darbepoetin alfa or a mixture thereof.
 33. A method oftreating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need aneffective amount of a composition according to claim 30 to said patient.34. The method according to claim 33 wherein said cancer is a naïve,metastatic, drug resistant, DNA repair response deficient(DDR-deficient), hypoxic or multiple drug resistant cancer.
 35. Themethod according to claim 33 wherein said cancer is tumorous.
 36. Themethod according to claim 33 wherein said cancer is DNA repair responsedeficient (DDR-deficient) or hypoxic.
 37. The method according to claim36 wherein said cancer is DDR-deficient.
 38. The method according toclaim 37 wherein said cancer is deficient in KU80, BRCA2, pten, DNApk,ATM, PALB2 and/or RAD51 paralogs.
 39. The method according to claim 36wherein said cancer is hypoxic.
 40. The method according to claim 33wherein said cancer is carcinomas (e.g., squamous-cell carcinomas,adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas, and renal cell carcinomas),particularly those of the bladder, bowel, breast, cervix, colon,esophagus, head, kidney, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate,and stomach; leukemias; benign and malignant lymphomas, particularlyBurkitt's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; benign and malignantmelanomas; myeloproliferative diseases; sarcomas, particularly Ewing'ssarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, liposarcoma, myosarcomas,peripheral neuroepithelioma, and synovial sarcoma; tumors of the centralnervous system (e.g., gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas,ependymomas, gliobastomas, neuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas,gangliogliomas, medulloblastomas, pineal cell tumors, meningiomas,meningeal sarcomas, neurofibromas, and Schwannomas); germ-line tumors(e.g., bowel cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, cervical cancer,uterine/endometrial cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, testicularcancer, thyroid cancer, astrocytoma, esophageal cancer, pancreaticcancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, colon cancer, and melanoma); mixedtypes of neoplasias, particularly carcinosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease;and tumors of mixed origin, such as Wilms' tumor and teratocarcinomas.41. The method according to claim 37 wherein said cancer is ovarian,breast, colon, pancreatic prostate, melanoma, head, neck or brain cancer(glioma).
 42. The method according to claim 33 wherein said compound iscombined with an additional anticancer agent.
 43. The method accordingto claim 33 wherein said treatment is combined with radiation therapy.44. A method of inhibiting metastasis of cancer in a patient in needcomprising administering to said patient a compound according to claim1, optionally in combination with at least one additional anticanceragent.
 45. The method according to claim 44 wherein said additionalanticancer agent is an antimetabolite, an inhibitor of topoisomerase Iand II, an alkylating agent, a microtubule inhibitor or a mixturethereof.
 46. The method according to claim 44 wherein said additionalanticancer agent is everolimus, trabectedin, abraxane, TLK 286, AV-299,DN-101 pazopanib, GSK690693, RTA 744, ON 0910.Na, AZD 6244(ARRY-142886), AMN-107, TKI-258, GSK461364, AZD 1152, enzastaurin,vandetanib, ARQ-197, MK-0457, MLN8054, PHA-739358, R-763, AT-9263, aFLT-3 inhibitor, a VEGFR inhibitor, an EGFR TK inhibitor, an aurorakinase inhibitor, a PIK-1 modulator, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, an HDACinhbitor, a c-MET inhibitor, a PARP inhibitor, a Cdk inhibitor, an EGFRTK inhibitor, an IGFR-TK inhibitor, an anti-HGF antibody, a PI3 kinaseinhibitors, an AKT inhibitor, a JAK/STAT inhibitor, a checkpoint-1 or 2inhibitor, a focal adhesion kinase inhibitor, a Map kinase kinase (mek)inhibitor, a VEGF trap antibody, pemetrexed, erlotinib, dasatanib,nilotinib, decatanib, panitumumab, amrubiein, oregovomab, Lep-etu,nolatrexed, azd2171, batabulin, ofatumumab (Arzerra), zanolimumab,edotecarin, tetrandrine, rubitecan, tesmilifene, oblimersen,ticilimumab, ipilimumab, gossypol, Bio 111, 131-I-TM-601, ALT-110, BIO140, CC 8490, cilengitide, gimatecan, IL13-PE38QQR, INO 1001, IPdR₁KRX-0402, lucanthone, LY 317615, neuradiab, vitespan, Rta 744, Sdx 102,talampanel, atrasentan, Xr 311, romidepsin, ADS-100380, sunitinib,5-fluorouracil, vorinostat, etoposide, gemcitabine, doxorubicin,irinotecan, liposomal doxorubicin, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine,vincristine, temozolomide, ZK-304709, seliciclib; PD0325901, AZD-6244,capecitabine, L-Glutamic acid,N-[4-[2-(2-amino-4,7-dihydro-4-oxo-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl]-,disodium salt, heptahydrate, camptothecin, PEG-labeled irinotecan,tamoxifen, toremifene citrate, anastrazole, exemestane, letrozole,DES(diethylstilbestrol), estradiol, estrogen, conjugated estrogen,bevacizumab, IMC-1C11, CHIR-258);3-[5-(methylsulfonylpiperadinemethyl)-indolylj-quinolone, vatalanib,AG-013736, AVE-0005, the acetate salt of [D-Ser(Bu t) 6, Azgly 10](pyro-Glu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-D-Ser(Bu t)-Leu-Arg-Pro-Azgly-NH₂ acetate[C₅₉H₈₄N₁₈Oi₄-(C₂H₄O₂)_(X) where x=1 to 2.4], goserelin acetate,leuprolide acetate, triptorelin pamoate, medroxyprogesterone acetate,hydroxyprogesterone caproate, megestrol acetate, raloxifene,bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide, megestrol acetate, CP-724714;TAK-165, HKI-272, erlotinib, lapatanib, canertinib, ABX-EGF antibody,erbitux, EKB-569, PKI-166, GW-572016, Ionafamib, BMS-214662, tipifarnib;amifostine, NVP-LAQ824, suberoyl analide hydroxamic acid, valproic acid,trichostatin A, FK-228, SU11248, sorafenib, KRN951, aminoglutethimide,arnsacrine, anagrelide, L-asparaginase, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)vaccine, bleomycin, buserelin, busulfan, carboplatin, carmustine,chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, clodronate, cyproterone,cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, diethylstilbestrol,epirubicin, fludarabine, fludrocortisone, fluoxymesterone, flutamide,gemcitabine, gleevac, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, ifosfamide, imatinib,leuprolide, levamisole, lomustine, mechlorethamine, melphalan,6-mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin, mitotane,mitoxantrone, nilutamide, octreotide, oxaliplatin, pamidronate,pentostatin, plicamycin, porfimer, procarbazine, raltitrexed, rituximab,streptozocin, teniposide, testosterone, thalidomide, thioguanine,thiotepa, tretinoin, vindesine, 13-cis-retinoic acid, phenylalaninemustard, uracil mustard, estramustine, altretamine, floxuridine,5-deooxyuridine, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mecaptopurine, deoxycoformycin,calcitriol, valrubicin, mithramycin, vinblastine, vinorelbine,topotecan, razoxin, marimastat, COL-3, neovastat, BMS-275291,squalamine, endostatin, SU5416, SU6668, EMD121974, interleukin-12,IM862, angiostatin, vitaxin, droloxifene, idoxyfene, spironolactone,finasteride, cimitidine, trastuzumab, denileukin diftitox, gefitinib,bortezimib, paclitaxel, irinotecan, topotecan, doxorubicin, docetaxel,vinorelbine, bevacizumab (monoclonal antibody) and erbitux,cremophor-free paclitaxel, epithilone B, BMS-247550, BMS-310705,droloxifene, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, pipendoxifene, ERA-923, arzoxifene,fulvestrant, acolbifene, lasofoxifene, idoxifene, TSE-424, HMR-3339,ZK186619, PTK787/ZK 222584, VX-745, PD 184352, rapamycin,40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin, temsirolimus, AP-23573, RAD001,ABT-578, BC-210, LY294002, LY292223, LY292696, LY293684, LY293646,wortmannin, ZM336372, L-779,450, PEG-filgrastim, darbepoetin,erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, zolendronate,prednisone, cetuximab, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor,histrelin, pegylated interferon alfa-2a, interferon alfa-2a, pegylatedinterferon alfa-2b, interferon alfa-2b, azacitidine, PEG-L-asparaginase,lenalidomide, gemtuzumab, hydrocortisone, interleukin-11, dexrazoxane,alemtuzumab, all-transretinoic acid, ketoconazole, interleukin-2,megestrol, immune globulin, nitrogen mustard, methylprednisolone,ibritgumomab tiuxetan, androgens, decitabine, hexamethylmelamine,bexarotene, tositumomab, arsenic trioxide, cortisone, editronate,mitotane, cyclosporine, liposomal daunorubicin, Edwina-asparaginase,strontium 89, casopitant, netupitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonists,palonosetron, aprepitant, diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine, metoclopramide,lorazepam, alprazolam, haloperidol, droperidol, dronabinol,dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prochlorperazine, granisetron,ondansetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, pegfilgrastim, erythropoietin,epoetin alfa, darbepoetin alfa or a mixture thereof.
 47. A method oftreating cancer comprising administering to a patient in need aneffective amount of (−)-lomaiviticin A (LA), MK7-206 or a mixturethereof.
 48. The method according to claim 47 wherein said cancer is anaïve, metastatic, drug resistant, DNA repair response deficient(DDR-deficient), hypoxic or multiple drug resistant cancer.
 49. Themethod according to claim 47 wherein said cancer is tumorous.
 50. Themethod according to claim 47 wherein said cancer is DNA repair responsedeficient (DDR-deficient) or hypoxic.
 51. The method according to claim50 wherein said cancer is DDR-deficient.
 52. The method according toclaim 51 wherein said cancer is deficient in non-homologous enjoiningand/or homologous recombination repair mechanism.
 53. The methodaccording to claim 51 wherein said cancer is deficient in KU80, BRCA2,pten, DNApk, ATM, PALB2 and/or RAD51 paralogs repair factors.
 54. Themethod according to claim 50 wherein said cancer is hypoxic.
 55. Themethod according to claim 47 wherein said cancer is carcinomas (e.g.,squamous-cell carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, hepatocellular carcinomas,and renal cell carcinomas), particularly those of the bladder, bowel,breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, head, kidney, liver, lung, neck,ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach; leukemias; benign and malignantlymphomas, particularly Burkitt's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma;benign and malignant melanomas; myeloproliferative diseases; sarcomas,particularly Ewing's sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma,liposarcoma, myosarcomas, peripheral neuroepithelioma, and synovialsarcoma; tumors of the central nervous system (e.g., gliomas,astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, gliobastomas,neuroblastomas, ganglioneuromas, gangliogliomas, medulloblastomas,pineal cell tumors, meningiomas, meningeal sarcomas, neurofibromas, andSchwannomas); germ-line tumors (e.g., bowel cancer, breast cancer,prostate cancer, cervical cancer, uterine/endometrial cancer, lungcancer, ovarian cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, astrocytoma,esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer,colon cancer, and melanoma); mixed types of neoplasias, particularlycarcinosarcoma and Hodgkin's disease; and tumors of mixed origin, suchas Wilms' tumor and teratocarcinomas.
 56. The method according to claim50 wherein said cancer is ovarian, breast, pancreatic, colon, prostate,melanoma, head, neck or brain cancer (glioma).
 57. The method accordingto claim 47 wherein said compound is combined with an additionalanticancer agent.
 58. The method according to claim 47 wherein saidtreatment is combined with radiation therapy.